| 词条 | 1946 Bihar riots |
| 释义 |
| title = 1946 Bihar riots | image = | image_size = | caption = | date = 24 October 1946 – 11 November 1946 {{sfn|Mitra|1990}} | place = Bihar, British India | causes = Direct Action Day, Noakhali riots[1] | status = | goals = | result = | methods = | side1 = | side2 = | side3 = | leadfigures1 = | leadfigures2 = | leadfigures3 = | howmany1 = | howmany2 = | howmany3 = | fatalities = | injuries = | arrests = | notes = }} Communal riots occurred in Bihar from 24 October to 11 November 1946, in which Hindu mobs targeted Muslim families. The riots were triggered by the Great Calcutta Killings, as well as the Noakhali riots earlier that year. Mahatma Gandhi declared that he would fast unto death if the riots did not stop. The riots were part of a sequence of communal violence that culminated in the partition of India.{{sfn|Mitra|1990}}{{sfn|Das|2000}} BackgroundThe 1946 Bihar riots were part of a series of incidents of communal violence that occurred across North India.{{sfn|Kausar|2006}} The frequency of such riots increased in the 1930s and 1940s; in the 1945 alone, 1,809 riots took place in Uttar Pradesh, and 3,176 riots took place across the country in 1946.{{sfn|Kausar|2006}} On 16 August 1946, the All-India Muslim League proclaimed Direct Action Day in Calcutta, as part of their demand for a separate state for Muslims. Major riots ensued across the city, with 4,000 people being killed.{{sfn|Das|2000}} These riots triggered communal violence across the country, including in Bihar.{{sfn|Das|2000}} The Noakhali riots that occurred from 10–21 October also provoked violence in Bihar.{{sfn|Mitra|1990}} June riotsThe trigger for the riots that occurred in June was a dispute concerning a false allegation that a woman whom Hindus stated had been abducted by Muslims.{{sfn|Ghosh|1994}} In the village of Andhana, a group of Hindus demanding that the woman be brought forward and turned violent, were fired upon by Muslims, leading to two fatalities. Hindus also killed four Muslim people.{{sfn|Ghosh|1994}} September riotsMore riots occurred in September 1946, once again triggered by a dispute over the alleged abduction of Noor Jahan, formerly known as Kalyani Devi.{{sfn|Ghosh|1994}} A group of 30,000 Hindus led by members of the Arya Samaj attempted to rescue Noor Jahan in the belief that she had been kidnapped from Calcutta during the Direct Action Day riots. The failure of this rescue attempt turned into a riot, in which 200 houses belonging to 144 Muslim families were burned down, and 14 people were killed.{{sfn|Ghosh|1994}} October–November riotsThe largest riots of the year occurred from 27 October to 6 November, during which period a large number of Muslims were killed by Hindus in retaliation for the Noakhali riots{{sfn|Markovitz|2015}}{{sfn|Mitra|1990}} that had occurred earlier that month.{{sfn|Khan|2007|p=68}} There was wide variation in estimates of the number of casualties. A statement given to the British Parliament put the death-toll at 5,000. The Statesman estimated the number of fatalities at between 7,500 and 10,000, while the Indian National Congress put it at 2,000. Mohammed Ali Jinnah of the Muslim League stated that 30,000 people had been killed.{{sfn|Stephens|1963|p=111}} An unofficial report on 8 November stated that 500 people had been killed in one incident in which a village in Monghyr district was levelled by fire, and 100 people had died when a mob was fired upon by the military. Another estimate stated that 35,000 had fled the fighting.{{sfn|The Washington Post|1946}} The riots were severe enough that Jawaharlal Nehru, then the head of the interim government, threatened to bombard rioters from the air.{{sfn|Markovitz|2015}} A statement from the provincial capital of Patna stated that military forces had been deployed against the rioters, and inflicted heavy casualties on them.{{sfn|The Washington Post|1946}} Some historians have stated that the province's Hindu premier did not permit British troops to fire on Hindu rioters, ignoring the complicity of the Congress party in the riots.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2006|p=5}} Others point out that the government was eventually able to put a stop to the violence in Bihar, unlike in other regions.{{sfn|Mitra|1990}} On 5 November, Mahatma Gandhi, who was in Calcutta, visiting riot-stricken areas, stated that he would fast unto death if the violence in Bihar did not stop within 24 hours. His statement was broadcast nationally by Congress leader Rajendra Prasad.{{sfn|The New York Times (a)|1946}} At the time, official reports stated that 400 people had been killed, while leaders of the Muslim league states that the real toll was 5,000–8,000 people. Mohammad Yunus, a leader of the Muslim league, asked Muslims to observe the festival of Bakr-Eid, which occurred on 5 November, as a day of mourning.{{sfn|The New York Times (a)|1946}} On 5 November, Jawaharlal Nehru issued a statement, saying "We must put an end to this madness; we can argue later," and adding "What has happened and what is happening in certain parts of Bihar province is terrible and I can hardly believe that human beings can behave in such a manner."{{sfn|The New York Times (a)|1946}} AftermathFollowing the riots, the Muslim League said that it had received a large number of complaints from its members, which stated that they were afraid to leave their homes.{{sfn|Ghosh|1994}} On 17 November the Muslim League passed a resolution asking the Viceroy of India to act on the riots in Bihar. The resolution stated that Muslims in Bihar still felt a threat "to life or property," and that the disturbances might easily spread. The resolution also stated that the Hugh Dow, the governor of Bihar and the Indian National Congress were responsible for the massacre. The Muslim League stated that Hindu mobs had killed 30,000 people in the province.{{sfn|The New York Times (b)|1946}} Historians such as Suranjan Das have referred to the Great Calcutta Killings of 1946 as the first explicitly political communal violence in the region.{{sfn|Das|2000}} Notes and referencesFootnotes1. ^{{cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=Papiya|title=The Virile and the Chaste in Community and Nation Making: Bihar 1920's to 1940's|journal=Social Scientist|jstor=3517853 |date=January 1994|volume=22|issue=1|page=86}} Sources{{Refbegin|40em}}
15 : 1946 riots|Mass murder in 1946|Anti-Muslim violence in India|Pakistan Movement|Partition of India|Massacres in India|1946 in British India|Religiously motivated violence in India|Persecution by Hindus|1940s in British India|October 1946 events|November 1946 events|1940s murders in India|1946 crimes in India|1946 murders in Asia |
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