| 词条 | Norbert Wiener |
| 释义 |
| name = Norbert Wiener | image = Norbert wiener.jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1894|11|26}} | birth_place = Columbia, Missouri, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1964|3|18|1894|11|26}} | death_place = Stockholm, Sweden | citizenship = | nationality = American | field = Mathematics Cybernetics | work_institutions = Massachusetts Institute of Technology | education = Tufts College, B.A. 1909 Cornell University | thesis_title = A Comparison Between the Treatment of the Algebra of Relatives by Schroeder and that by Whitehead and Russell[1] | doctoral_advisors = *Karl Schmidt[1] | academic_advisors = Josiah Royce[2] | doctoral_students = *Amar Bose
| known_for = {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|Cybernetics Brownian motion abstract Wiener space Wiener amalgam space classical Wiener space Evolutionary informatics Generalized Wiener process Information revolution Philosophy of information More: List of things named after Norbert Wiener}} | prizes = Bôcher Memorial Prize (1933) National Medal of Science (1963) }} Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American mathematician and philosopher. He was a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). A child prodigy, Wiener later became an early researcher in stochastic and mathematical noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems. Wiener is considered the originator of cybernetics, a formalization of the notion of feedback, with implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, neuroscience, philosophy, and the organization of society. Norbert Wiener is credited as being one of the first to theorize that all intelligent behavior was the result of feedback mechanisms, that could possibly be simulated by machines and was an important early step towards the development of modern AI. [3] BiographyYouthWiener was born in Columbia, Missouri, the first child of Leo Wiener and Bertha Kahn, Jews[4] from Poland and Germany, respectively. Through his father, he was related to Maimonides, the famous rabbi, philosopher and physician from Al Andalus, as well as to Akiva Eger, chief rabbi of Posen from 1815 to 1837.[5] Leo had educated Norbert at home until 1903, employing teaching methods of his own invention, except for a brief interlude when Norbert was seven years of age. Earning his living teaching German and Slavic languages, Leo read widely and accumulated a personal library from which the young Norbert benefited greatly. Leo also had ample ability in mathematics and tutored his son in the subject until he left home. In his autobiography, Norbert described his father as calm and patient, unless he (Norbert) failed to give a correct answer, at which his father would lose his temper. He became an agnostic.[6] After graduating from Ayer High School in 1906 at 11 years of age, Wiener entered Tufts College. He was awarded a BA in mathematics in 1909 at the age of 14, whereupon he began graduate studies of zoology at Harvard. In 1910 he transferred to Cornell to study philosophy. Harvard and World War IThe next year he returned to Harvard, while still continuing his philosophical studies. Back at Harvard, Wiener became influenced by Edward Vermilye Huntington, whose mathematical interests ranged from axiomatic foundations to engineering problems. Harvard awarded Wiener a Ph.D. in 1912, when he was merely 17 years old, for a dissertation on mathematical logic, supervised by Karl Schmidt, the essential results of which were published as Wiener (1914). In that dissertation, he was the first to state publicly that ordered pairs can be defined in terms of elementary set theory. Hence relations can be defined by set theory, thus the theory of relations does not require any axioms or primitive notions distinct from those of set theory. In 1921, Kazimierz Kuratowski proposed a simplification of Wiener's definition of ordered pairs, and that simplification has been in common use ever since. It is (x, y) = {{x}, {x, y}}. In 1914, Wiener traveled to Europe, to be taught by Bertrand Russell and G. H. Hardy at Cambridge University, and by David Hilbert and Edmund Landau at the University of Göttingen. During 1915–16, he taught philosophy at Harvard, then was an engineer for General Electric and wrote for the Encyclopedia Americana. Wiener was briefly a journalist for the Boston Herald, where he wrote a feature story on the poor labor conditions for mill workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, but he was fired soon afterwards for his reluctance to write favorable articles about a politician the newspaper's owners sought to promote.[7] Although Wiener eventually became a staunch pacifist, he eagerly contributed to the war effort in World War I. In 1916, with America's entry into the war drawing closer, Wiener attended a training camp for potential military officers, but failed to earn a commission. One year later Wiener again tried to join the military, but the government again rejected him due to his poor eyesight. In the summer of 1918, Oswald Veblen invited Wiener to work on ballistics at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland.[8] Living and working with other mathematicians strengthened his interest in mathematics. However, Wiener was still eager to serve in uniform, and decided to make one more attempt to enlist, this time as a common soldier. Wiener wrote in a letter to his parents, "I should consider myself a pretty cheap kind of a swine if I were willing to be an officer but unwilling to be a soldier."[9] This time the army accepted Wiener into its ranks and assigned him, by coincidence, to a unit stationed at Aberdeen, Maryland. World War I ended just days after Wiener's return to Aberdeen and Wiener was discharged from the military in February 1919.[10] After the warWiener was unable to secure a permanent position at Harvard, a situation he blamed largely on anti-semitism at the university and in particular on the antipathy of Harvard mathematician G. D. Birkhoff.[11] He was also rejected for a position at the University of Melbourne. At W. F. Osgood's suggestion, Wiener became an instructor of mathematics at MIT, where he spent the remainder of his career, becoming promoted eventually to professor. There is a photograph of him prominently displayed in one of the hallways, often used in giving directions. In 1926, Wiener returned to Europe as a Guggenheim scholar. He spent most of his time at Göttingen and with Hardy at Cambridge, working on Brownian motion, the Fourier integral, Dirichlet's problem, harmonic analysis, and the Tauberian theorems. In 1926, Wiener's parents arranged his marriage to a German immigrant, Margaret Engemann; they had two daughters. His sister, Constance, married Philip Franklin. Their daughter, Janet, Wiener's niece, married Václav E. Beneš.[12] Many tales, perhaps apocryphal, were told of him at MIT, especially concerning his absent-mindedness. It was said that he returned home once to find his house empty. He inquired of a neighborhood girl the reason, and she said that the family had moved elsewhere that day. He thanked her for the information and she replied, "That's why I stayed behind, Daddy!"[13] In the run-up to World War II (1939–45) Wiener became a member of the China Aid Society and the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced German Scholars.[14] He was interested in placing scholars such as Yuk-Wing Lee and Antoni Zygmund who had lost their positions.[15] During and after World War IIDuring World War II, his work on the automatic aiming and firing of anti-aircraft guns caused Wiener to investigate information theory independently of Claude Shannon and to invent the Wiener filter. (To him is due the now standard practice of modeling an information source as a random process—in other words, as a variety of noise.) His anti-aircraft work eventually led him to formulate cybernetics.[16] After the war, his fame helped MIT to recruit a research team in cognitive science, composed of researchers in neuropsychology and the mathematics and biophysics of the nervous system, including Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts. These men later made pioneering contributions to computer science and artificial intelligence. Soon after the group was formed, Wiener suddenly ended all contact with its members, mystifying his colleagues. This emotionally traumatized Pitts, and led to his career decline. In their biography of Wiener, Conway and Siegelman suggest that Wiener's wife Margaret, who detested McCulloch's bohemian lifestyle, engineered the breach.[17] Wiener later helped develop the theories of cybernetics, robotics, computer control, and automation. He discussed the modeling of neurons with John von Neumann, and in a letter from November 1946 von Neumann presented his thoughts in advance of a meeting with Wiener.[18] Wiener always shared his theories and findings with other researchers, and credited the contributions of others. These included Soviet researchers and their findings. Wiener's acquaintance with them caused him to be regarded with suspicion during the Cold War. He was a strong advocate of automation to improve the standard of living, and to end economic underdevelopment. His ideas became influential in India, whose government he advised during the 1950s. After the war, Wiener became increasingly concerned with what he believed was political interference with scientific research, and the militarization of science. His article "A Scientist Rebels" from the January 1947 issue of The Atlantic Monthly[19] urged scientists to consider the ethical implications of their work. After the war, he refused to accept any government funding or to work on military projects. The way Wiener's beliefs concerning nuclear weapons and the Cold War contrasted with those of von Neumann is the major theme of the book John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener.[20]{{Citation needed|reason=The editor obviously knew that Heims wrote something in 1980 but did not have time to specify it. I will grab the book. Someone else will have to grab a page number if it is needed.|date=July 2010}} Wiener was a participant of the Macy conferences. He died in March 1964, aged 69, in Stockholm, from a heart attack. Wiener and his wife are buried at the Vittum Hill Cemetery in Sandwich, New Hampshire. Awards and honors
Doctoral students
Work{{quote|Information is information, not matter or energy.|Norbert Wiener|Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine}}Wiener was an early studier of stochastic and mathematical noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems. It was Wiener's idea to model a signal as if it were an exotic type of noise, giving it a sound mathematical basis. The example we give our students nowadays is that English text could be modeled as a random string of letters and spaces, where each letter of the alphabet (and the space) has an assigned probability. But Wiener dealt with analog signals, where such a simple example doesn't exist. Wiener's early work on information theory and signal processing was limited to analog signals, and was largely forgotten with the development of the digital theory.[24] Wiener originated cybernetics, a formalization of the notion of feedback, with many implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society. Wiener's work with cybernetics influenced Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, and through them, anthropology, sociology, and education.[25] Wiener equationA simple mathematical representation of Brownian motion, the Wiener equation, named after Wiener, assumes the current velocity of a fluid particle fluctuates randomly. Wiener filterFor signal processing, the Wiener filter is a filter proposed by Wiener during the 1940s and published in 1942 as a classified document. Its purpose is to reduce the amount of noise present in a signal by comparison with an estimate of the desired noiseless signal. Wiener developed the filter at the Radiation Laboratory at MIT to predict the position of German bombers from radar reflections. It is necessary to predict the future, because by the time the shell reaches the vicinity of the target, the target has moved, and may have changed direction slightly. They even modeled the muscle response of the pilot, which led eventually to cybernetics. The unmanned V1's were particularly easy to model, and on a good day, American guns fitted with Wiener filters would shoot down 99 out of 100 V1's as they entered Britain from the English channel, on their way to London. What emerged was a mathematical theory of great generality---a theory for predicting the future as best one can on the basis of incomplete information about the past. It was a statistical theory that included applications that did not, strictly speaking, predict the future, but only tried to remove noise. It made use of Wiener's earlier work on integral equations and Fourier transforms.[26] [27]In mathematicsWiener took a great interest in the mathematical theory of Brownian motion (named after Robert Brown) proving many results now widely known such as the non-differentiability of the paths. Consequently, the one-dimensional version of Brownian motion was named the Wiener process. It is the best known of the Lévy processes, càdlàg stochastic processes with stationary statistically independent increments, and occurs frequently in pure and applied mathematics, physics and economics (e.g. on the stock-market). Wiener's Tauberian theorem, a 1932 result of Wiener, developed Tauberian theorems in summability theory, on the face of it a chapter of real analysis, by showing that most of the known results could be encapsulated in a principle taken from harmonic analysis. In its present formulation, the theorem of Wiener does not have any obvious association with Tauberian theorems, which deal with infinite series; the translation from results formulated for integrals, or using the language of functional analysis and Banach algebras, is however a relatively routine process. The Paley–Wiener theorem relates growth properties of entire functions on Cn and Fourier transformation of Schwartz distributions of compact support. The Wiener–Khinchin theorem, (or Wiener – Khintchine theorem or Khinchin – Kolmogorov theorem), states that the power spectral density of a wide-sense-stationary random process is the Fourier transform of the corresponding autocorrelation function. An abstract Wiener space is a mathematical object in measure theory, used to construct a "decent", strictly positive and locally finite measure on an infinite-dimensional vector space. Wiener's original construction only applied to the space of real-valued continuous paths on the unit interval, known as classical Wiener space. Leonard Gross provided the generalization to the case of a general separable Banach space. The notion of a Banach space itself was discovered independently by both Wiener and Stefan Banach at around the same time.[28] The Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications (NWC) in the Department of Mathematics at the University of Maryland, College Park is devoted to the scientific and mathematical legacy of Norbert Wiener. The NWC website highlights the research activities of the Center. Further, each year the Norbert Wiener Center hosts the February Fourier Talks, a two-day national conference displaying advances in pure and applied harmonic analysis in industry, government, and academia. In popular cultureHis work with Mary Brazier is referenced in Avis DeVoto's As Always, Julia.[29] A character named after him appears briefly in the Hugo Award winner The Three Body Problem by Liu Cixin.[30] PublicationsWiener wrote many books and hundreds of articles:[31]
Fiction:
Autobiography:
Under the name "W. Norbert":
See also{{Portal|Systems science}}
Notes1. ^1 {{MathGenealogy|id=25222}} 2. ^Leone Montagnini, Harmonies of Disorder – Norbert Wiener: A Mathematician-Philosopher of Our Time, Springer, 2017, p. 61. 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Research|first1=AI|title=The Beginnings of AI Research|url=http://world-information.org/wio/infostructure/100437611663/100438659360/?ic=100446326158/|website=world-information.org|accessdate=11 January 2019|date=11 January 2019}} 4. ^{{cite web|title = Norbert Wiener|website = NNDB|url = http://www.nndb.com/people/229/000103917/|accessdate = March 25, 2014}} 5. ^Leone Montagnini, Harmonies of Disorder: Norbert Wiener: A Mathematician-Philosopher of Our Time, Springer (2017), p. 4 6. ^{{harvnb|"On June 2, 1964, Swami Sarvagatananda presided over the memorial service at MIT in remembrance of Norbert Wiener – scion of Maimonides, father of cybernetics, avowed agnostic – reciting in Sanskrit from the holy books of Hinduism, the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita." |Conway|Siegelman|2005|p=329}} 7. ^{{harvnb|Conway|Siegelman|2005|p=45}} 8. ^{{harvnb|Conway|Siegelman|2005|pp=41–43}} 9. ^{{harvnb|Conway|Siegelman|2005|p=43}} 10. ^{{harvnb|Conway|Siegelman|2005|pp=43–44}} 11. ^{{harvnb|Conway|Siegelman|2005|pp=40, 45}} 12. ^Franklin biography. History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2013-11-02. 13. ^{{harvnb|Adams|Hass|Thompson|1998|p=8}} 14. ^{{citation |last=Masani|first=Pesi R.|title=Norbert Wiener 1894–1964|page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anD0BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167|accessdate=2016-03-20 |date=2012-12-06|publisher=Birkhäuser|isbn=978-3-0348-9252-0}} 15. ^{{citation|url=https://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/pdf/mc22.pdf|title=Guide to the Papers of Norbert Wiener|page=15 |last=McCavitt |first=Mary Jane|date=September 2, 2009|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries |accessdate=2016-03-20}} 16. ^{{harvnb|Conway|Siegelman|2005|p=12}} 17. ^{{harvnb|Conway|Siegelman|2005|pp=223–7}} 18. ^Letters to Norbert Wiener in John von Neumann: Selected Letters, edited by Miklós Rédei, in History of Mathematics, Volume 27, jointly published by the American Mathematical Society and the London Mathematical Society, 2005 19. ^{{cite news |author=Wiener, Norbert |title=A Scientist Rebels |newspaper=Atlantic Monthly |page=46 |date=January 1947 |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=6gsAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=%22have+received+from+you+a+note+in+which+you+state+that+you+are+engaged+in+a+project+concerning+controlled+missiles,+and+in+which+you+request+a+copy+of+a+paper+which+I+wrote+for+the+National+Defense+Research+Committee+during+the+war%22&source=bl&ots=u6UsotYzLj&sig=QKFlDSmBepkwLL_8b1s8mNctBZQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTitHlrKPeAhWKtY8KHQBTAtEQ6AEwAHoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 20. ^{{harvnb|Heims|1980}} 21. ^[https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1965 "National Book Awards – 1965"]. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-05. 22. ^{{cite web |title=Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications |publisher=University of Maryland, College Park |url=http://www.norbertwiener.umd.edu/}} 23. ^{{Cite book| title = Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics Vol 52: Proceedings of the Norbert Wiener Centenary Congress 1994| publisher = Michigan State University| year = 1997| isbn = 978-0-8218-0452-0| editor-last = Mandrekar| editor-first = V.| location = Providence, Rhode Island| pages = 541| editor-last2 = Masani| editor-first2 = P. R.}} 24. ^John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, Steve Joshua Heims, MIT Press, 1980 25. ^{{cite journal |author=Heims, Steve P. |title=Gregory Bateson and the mathematicians: From interdisciplinary interaction to societal functions |journal=Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=141–159 |date=April 1977 |doi=10.1002/1520-6696(197704)13:2<141::AID-JHBS2300130205>3.0.CO;2-G |pmid=325068}} 26. ^John Von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death, Steve Joshua Heims, MIT Press, 1980, p.183 27. ^Norbert Wiener, Extrapolation, Interpolation and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series, MIT Press, 1949. Originally published as a classified document in 1942 28. ^{{cite journal |title=Note on a paper of M. Banach |journal=Fund. Math. |volume=4 |pages=136–143 |year=1923 }} See {{cite book |last1=Albiac |first1=F. |last2=Kalton |first2=N. |author2-link=Nigel Kalton|title=Topics in Banach Space Theory |publisher=Springer |location=New York |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-387-28141-4 |page=15 |volume=233 |series=Graduate Texts in Mathematics}} 29. ^Reardon, Joan. As Always, Julia. Houghton Mifflin, 2010. 223. 30. ^{{Cite book|title=The Three Body Problem|last=Liu|first=Cixin|publisher=Chongqing Publishing Group|year=2015|isbn=9787229100605|location=|pages=}} 31. ^A full bibliography is given by the Cybernetics Society Publications of Norbert Wiener Further reading
External links{{Wikiquote}}{{Wikisource author}}
25 : 1894 births|1964 deaths|20th-century American mathematicians|American agnostics|American pacifists|American people of Polish-Jewish descent|Control theorists|Cornell University alumni|Cyberneticists|General Electric people|Guggenheim Fellows|Harvard University alumni|Harvard University faculty|Jewish agnostics|Jewish American scientists|Jewish pacifists|Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty|National Book Award winners|National Medal of Science laureates|People from Belmont, Massachusetts|People from Columbia, Missouri|Probability theorists|American systems scientists|Tufts University alumni|Analysands of Helene Deutsch |
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