Soviet Union's 1961 series tests and detonations !style="background:#ffdead;" | Name [1] !style="background:#efefef;" | Date time (UT) !style="background:#ffdead;" | Local time zone [2][3] !style="background:#efefef;" | Location [4] !style="background:#ffdead;" | Elevation + height [5] !style="background:#efefef;" | Delivery, [6]
Purpose [7] !style="background:#efefef;" | Device [8] !style="background:#ffdead;" | Yield [9] !style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | Fallout [10] !style="background:#ffdead;" class="unsortable" | References !style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|
| format=dmy|1961|9|1}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4227|77.7231|name=84 (Joe 75)|display=inline}} | 000940|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000160000|16 kt}} | [1][13][14][15][16][17] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|4}} 05:00:27 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.45|77.74|name=85 (Joe 76)|display=inline}} | 001005|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|725|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000090000|9 kt}} | [1][13][14][15][16][17] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|5}} 06:00:05 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.45|77.74|name=86 (Joe 77)|display=inline}} | 000990|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|710|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000160000|16 kt}} | [1][13][14][15][16][17] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|6}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4|77.8|name=87 (Joe 78)|display=inline}} | 000965|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|685|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000011000|1.1 kt}} | [1][13][14][16][17][35] | Study of weapon effects on radar. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|6}} | MSK (3 hrs)
| 48.56956|45.90346|name=Launch_88 Groza (Storm) (Joe 79)|display=inline}}, elv: {{convert|0|+|0|m|abbr=on}};
Detonation over Kapustin Yar, Astrakhan {{coord|48.4|45.8|name=88 Groza (Storm) (Joe 79)|display=inline}} | 022700|}}N/A + {{convert|22.7|km}} | high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapon effect | R-12? | {{sort|000105000|10.5 kt}} | [1][13][38][39][40] | R-5M rocket launch from Kapustin Yar. Probable ABM test. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|9}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.378|77.855|name=89|display=inline}} | 000280|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + 0 | dry surface,
safety experiment | {{sort|000003800|380 t}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|10}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50|78|name=92 (Joe 81)|display=inline}} | 000180|}}N/A + {{convert|180|m|abbr=on}} | atmospheric,
weapons development | {{sort|000008800|880 t}} | [1][13][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|10}} 09:00:09.2 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 73.75|54.3|name=90 Vozduj (Air) (Joe 80)|display=inline}} | 002000|}}0 + {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|027000000|2.7 Mt}} | [1][13][16][38][40][57][58] | Dropped by TU-95 from Olenya AF in the Kola Peninsula. Dropped over Battlefield D-2, near Mityushika Bay. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|10}} 11:00:?? | MSK (3 hrs)
| 71.61667|52.47833|name=Launch_91 (Joe 82)|display=inline}}, elv: {{convert|30|+|0|m|abbr=on}};
Detonation over NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia {{coord|70.7|54.6|name=91 (Joe 82)|display=inline}} | 000390|}}N/A + {{convert|390|m|abbr=on}} | high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapons development | {{sort|000120000|12 kt}} | [1][13][16][40][57][64] | Launched on R-11M. Named "Volga" in one source, not connected with Volga series later on. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|11}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4|77.8|name=93|display=inline}} | 000970|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|690|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000003000|300 t}} | [1][14][16][17][35] | R-12 missile from Novaya Zemlya. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|12}} 10:08:15.3 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 67.46441|64.30266|name=Launch_94 Roza1 (Rose) (Joe 83)|display=inline}}, elv: {{convert|0|+|0|m|abbr=on}};
Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia {{coord|74.2|52.1|name=94 Roza1 (Rose) (Joe 83)|display=inline}} | 001190|}}N/A + {{convert|1190|m|abbr=on}} | high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapons development | Product 49 TN | {{sort|011500000|1.2 Mt}} | [1][13][16][40][57][75] | R-13 launched from Vorkuta Sovietski Air base. Probable ABM test. Airburst over water in Mitushika Bay. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|13}} | MSK (3 hrs)
| 70|40|name=Launch_95 (Joe 85)|display=inline}}, elv: {{convert|0|-|30|m|abbr=on}};
Detonation over NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia {{coord|70.87|53.33|name=95 (Joe 85)|display=inline}} | 000250|}}N/A + {{convert|250|m|abbr=on}} | high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapons development | {{sort|000060000|6 kt}} | [1][13][16][40][57] | Live nuclear tipped missile test, across the sea to land. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|13}} 05:01:55.8 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.45|77.75|name=96 (Joe 84)|display=inline}} | 000990|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|710|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000100000|10 kt}} | [1][13][14][15][16][17] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|14}} 05:59:59.4 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.35|77.82|name=97|display=inline}} | 000280|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + 0 | dry surface,
weapons development | {{sort|000004000|400 t}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|14}} 09:56:16.7 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 70.5|39.5|name=Launch_98 (Joe 86)|display=inline}}, elv: {{convert|0|-|30|m|abbr=on}};
Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia {{coord|74.6|51.1|name=98 (Joe 86)|display=inline}} | 001700|}}N/A + {{convert|1700|m|abbr=on}} | high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapons development | {{sort|012000000|1.2 Mt}} | [1][13][16][40][57][97] | Kola Sea to Mitskuya Bay, R-13 ballistic missile live test. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|16}} 09:08:13.7 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 67.46441|64.30266|name=Launch_99 Roza2 (Rose) (Joe 87)|display=inline}}, elv: {{convert|0|+|0|m|abbr=on}};
Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ {{coord|73.75|54.3|name=99 Roza2 (Rose) (Joe 87)|display=inline}} | 001320|}}N/A + {{convert|1320|m|abbr=on}} | high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapons development | Product 49 TN | {{sort|008300000|830 kt}} | [1][13][16][40][57][97] | Launched on an R-12 rocket from Vorkuta Sovietski Air base. Probable ABM test. One source says launch from Kola. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|17}} 07:00:46.6 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.45|77.75|name=100 (Joe 88)|display=inline}} | 000975|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|695|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000210000|21 kt}} | [1][13][14][15][16][17] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|18}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.378|77.855|name=102|display=inline}} | 000281|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} | dry surface,
safety experiment | {{sort|000000040|4 t}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|18}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4|77.8|name=103|display=inline}} | 000000|}}N/A + | atmospheric,
weapons development | {{sort|000007500|750 t}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|18}} 07:59:36.8 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 73.75|54.3|name=101 (Joe 89)|display=inline}} | 001500|}}0 + {{convert|1500|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|010000000|1 Mt}} | [1][13][40][97][124] | Khalturin believes this is a missile test from Chita. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|19}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.3782|77.8373|name=104 (Joe 90)|display=inline}} | 000280|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + 0 | dry surface,
safety experiment | {{sort|000000300|30 t}} | [1][13][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|20}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4|77.8|name=105|display=inline}} | 000560|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000048000|4.8 kt}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|20}} 08:12:12 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 71.61667|52.47833|name=Launch_106 Volga1 (Joe 91)|display=inline}}, elv: {{convert|30|+|0|m|abbr=on}};
Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ {{coord|73.52|54.3|name=106 Volga1 (Joe 91)|display=inline}} | 001600|}}N/A + {{convert|1600|m|abbr=on}} | high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapons development | {{sort|015000000|1.5 Mt}} | [1][13][16][40][140] | Launched on R-11M rocket launched from Rogachevo airbase in the NTR. Probable ABM test. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|21}} 14:01:01.6 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4277|77.7231|name=107 (Joe 92)|display=inline}} | 000390|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|110|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000008000|800 t}} | [1][13][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|9|22}} 08:11:00 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 71.61667|52.47833|name=Launch_108 Volga2 (Joe 93)|display=inline}}, elv: {{convert|30|+|0|m|abbr=on}};
Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ {{coord|73.52|54.3|name=108 Volga2 (Joe 93)|display=inline}} | 001300|}}N/A + {{convert|1300|m|abbr=on}} | high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapons development | {{sort|002600000|260 kt}} | [1][13][16][40][58][140] | Launched on R-11M rocket launched from Rogachevo airbase in the NTR. Probable ABM test. |
| format=dmy|1961|9|26}} 07:01:19.8 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.45|77.75|name=109|display=inline}} | 000945|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|665|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000012000|1.2 kt}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|1}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4|77.8|name=110|display=inline}} | 000980|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|700|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000030000|3 kt}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|2}} 10:30:50 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 73.92|54.55|name=111 (Joe 94)|display=inline}} | 001500|}}0 + {{convert|1500|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|002500000|250 kt}} | [1][13][16][38][40] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|4}} 07:01:19.9 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.45|77.75|name=112 (Joe 95)|display=inline}} | 000885|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|605|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000130000|13 kt}} | [1][13][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|4}} 07:30:54.8 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 73.75|54.3|name=113 (Joe 96)|display=inline}} | 002100|}}0 + {{convert|2100|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|030000000|3 Mt}} | [1][13][16][40][58][140] | Some sources (Khalturin) believe this was an ICBM test launched from Chita. |
| format=dmy|1961|10|6}} | MSK (3 hrs)
| 48.56956|45.90346|name=Launch_115 Grom (Thunder) (Joe 98)|display=inline}}, elv: {{convert|0|+|0|m|abbr=on}};
Detonation over Kapustin Yar, Astrakhan {{coord|48.45|44.3|name=115 Grom (Thunder) (Joe 98)|display=inline}} | 041300|}}N/A + {{convert|41.3|km}} | high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapon effect | {{sort|000400000|40 kt}} | [1][13][16][39][40][140] | Rocket launched from Kapustin Yar, to exlode above West Kazakhstan. Probable ABM test. |
| format=dmy|1961|10|6}} 07:00:12.2 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 74.3|51.6|name=114 (Joe 97)|display=inline}} | 002700|}}0 + {{convert|2700|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|040000000|4 Mt}} | [1][13][16][40][75] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|8}} | MSK (3 hrs)
| 70.63|54.02|name=Launch_116 (Joe 99)|display=inline}}, elv: {{convert|0|+|20|m|abbr=on}};
Detonation over NZ Area A, Chyornaya Guba, Novaya Zemlya, Russia {{coord|70.7|54.6|name=116 (Joe 99)|display=inline}} | 001480|}}{{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|1450|m|abbr=on}} | cruise missile,
weapons development | KSR-2 warhead | {{sort|000150000|15 kt}} | [1][13][16][40][57] | KSR-2 air-to-ship cruise missile. No information on launcher, all that is a guess. |
| format=dmy|1961|10|11}} 07:39:59.9 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 49.76986|77.9833|name=117 (Joe 100)|display=inline}} | 000724|}}{{convert|724|m|abbr=on}} + | underground tunnel,
fundamental science | {{sort|000010000|1 kt}} | [1][13][15][16][17][201] | First Soviet underground test. |
| format=dmy|1961|10|12}} 05:31:03.6 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.45|77.75|name=118 (Joe 101)|display=inline}} | 000950|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|670|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000150000|15 kt}} | [1][13][14][15][16][17] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|17}} 07:00:00.8 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.45|77.75|name=119 (Joe 102)|display=inline}} | 000785|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|505|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000066000|6.6 kt}} | [1][13][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|19}} 05:30:42.6 | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.45|77.75|name=120 (Joe 103)|display=inline}} | 000990|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|710|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000100000|10 kt}} | [1][13][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|20}} 08:07:02.0 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 71|39|name=Launch_121 Raduga (Rainbow) (Joe 104?)|display=inline}}, elv: {{convert|0|-|30|m|abbr=on}};
Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia {{coord|73.87|54.35|name=121 Raduga (Rainbow) (Joe 104?)|display=inline}} | 000530|}}N/A + {{convert|530|m|abbr=on}} | high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapons development | R-13 warhead? | {{sort|014500000|1.5 Mt}} | [1][13][16][40][57][97] | An R-13 rocket fired from a submarine in the Barents Sea towards Novaya Zemlya. |
| format=dmy|1961|10|23}} 08:31:22.1 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 70.703|54.6|name=122 Korall 1 (Coral) (Joe 107)|display=inline}} | 000000|}}{{convert|-33|m|abbr=on}} - {{convert|25|m|abbr=on}} | underwater,
weapon effect | RDS-9 | {{sort|000048000|4.8 kt}} | [1][13][16][40][57][124][232][233] | Nuclear torpedo, fired by B–130 by Captain Rank 3 NA Shumkov in Chornaya Bay, ran underwater for 12.5 km distance. |
| format=dmy|1961|10|23}} 10:30:47.0 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 73.75|54.3|name=123 (Joe 106)|display=inline}} | 003500|}}0 + {{convert|3500|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|125000000|12.5 Mt}} | [1][13][15][16][40][58] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|25}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4|77.8|name=125|display=inline}} | 000780|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|500|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
fundamental science | {{sort|000005000|500 t}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|25}} 08:31:05 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 73.75|54.3|name=124 (Joe 108)|display=inline}} | 001450|}}0 + {{convert|1450|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|003000000|300 kt}} | [1][13][40][97][140] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|27}} 08:30:27.6 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 70.74179|54.60959|name=126 Korall 2 (Coral) (Joe 110)|display=inline}} | 000000|}}{{convert|-1|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} | barge,
weapon effect | RDS-9 | {{sort|000160000|16 kt}} | [1][13][16][40][57][124][232][233] | 11|km|abbr=on}} distance, then broached and exploded just above the target. |
| format=dmy|1961|10|30}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4|77.8|name=129|display=inline}} | 000750|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|470|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000000900|90 t}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|30}} 08:33:27.8 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 73.85|54.5|name=130 Tsar Bomba (Joe 111)|display=inline}} | 004000|}}0 + {{convert|4000|m|abbr=on}} | parachuted,
weapons development | RDS-220 | {{sort|500000000|50 Mt}} | [1][13][14][16][40][124][269] | Largest man-made detonation ever. Cleanest weapon ever tested; 97% energy from fusion. Full yield degraded by at least half. Dropped from a heavily modified Tu-95 Bear bomber, pilot A. E. Durnovtsev. One injury on ground. |
| format=dmy|1961|10|31}} 08:29:17.2 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 73.53|58.92|name=131 (Joe 112)|display=inline}} | 002200|}}0 + {{convert|2200|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|050000000|5 Mt}} | [1][13][16][40][97] |
| format=dmy|1961|10|31}} 08:38:?? | MSK (3 hrs)
| 74.6|59.4|name=132 (Joe 113)|display=inline}} | 001530|}}0 + {{convert|1530|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|004000000|400 kt}} | [1][13][15][16][40][58] |
| format=dmy|1961|11|1}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4277|77.7231|name=133 (Joe 114)|display=inline}} | 000755|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|475|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000027000|2.7 kt}} | [1][13][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|11|2}} | MSK (3 hrs)
| 75.2|57.5|name=135 (Joe 116)|display=inline}} | 001500|}}0 + {{convert|1500|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|002800000|280 kt}} | [1][16][40] |
| format=dmy|1961|11|2}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4|77.8|name=136|display=inline}} | 000925|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|645|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000006000|600 t}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|11|2}} 08:41:?? | MSK (3 hrs)
| 74.6|55.4|name=134 (Joe 115)|display=inline}} | 001400|}}0 + {{convert|1400|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|001200000|120 kt}} | [1][13][15][16][40] |
| format=dmy|1961|11|3}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.378|77.855|name=137|display=inline}} | 000280|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + 0 | dry surface,
safety experiment | {{sort|000000000|less than 0.001 kt}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|11|3}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.4|77.8|name=138 (Joe 117)|display=inline}} | 000915|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|635|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000009000|900 t}} | [1][13][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|11|4}} | MSK (3 hrs)
| 73.3|56.6|name=139 (Joe 118)|display=inline}} | 001770|}}0 + {{convert|1770|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000150000|15 kt}} | [1][13][40] |
| format=dmy|1961|11|4}} | MSK (3 hrs)
| 73|55|name=141|display=inline}} | 002240|}}0 + {{convert|2240|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|000060000|6 kt}} | [1][40] |
| format=dmy|1961|11|4}} | ALMT (6 hrs)
| 50.378|77.855|name=142|display=inline}} | 000280|}}{{convert|280|m|abbr=on}} + 0 | dry surface,
weapons development | {{sort|000002000|200 t}} | [1][14][16][17][35] |
| format=dmy|1961|11|4}} 07:20:19.7 | MSK (3 hrs)
| 73.6|56.8|name=140 (Joe 119)|display=inline}} | 001750|}}0 + {{convert|1750|m|abbr=on}} | air drop,
weapons development | {{sort|015000000|1.5 Mt}} | [1][13][15][40] |
1. ^The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
2. ^To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. All historical timezone data are derived from here:
3. ^{{cite web| title=Timezone Historical Database| publisher=iana.com| url=http://www.ietf.org/timezones/| accessdate=8 March 2014}}
4. ^Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
5. ^Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
6. ^Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
7. ^Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
8. ^Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
9. ^Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
10. ^Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 {{cite book| publisher=RFNC-VNIIEF| year=1996| title=USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990| location=Sarov, Russia}} The official Russian list of Soviet tests.
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 {{cite book| editor-last=Podvig| editor-first=Pavel| year=2001| title=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces| publisher=MIT Press| location=Cambridge, MA| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPRVbYDc-7kC&lpg=PA453&ots=vJQN2EUtRk&f=false| accessdate=9 January 2014}}
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite book| last1=Cochran| first1=Thomas B.| last2=Arkin| first2=William M.| first3=Robert S.| last3=Norris| first4=Jeffrey I.| last4=Sands| title=Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons| publisher=Harper and Row| location=New York, NY}}
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 {{cite techreport| title=Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4| date=1 December 2004| publisher=IAEA Dept. of Nuclear Safety and Security| url=http://www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/rw/waste-safety/north-test-site-final.pdf| accessdate=13 December 2013}}
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 {{cite techreport|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency| series=National Intelligence Estimate 11-2A-62| url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000843187.pdf|title=Soviet Atomic Energy Program| accessdate=12 August 2014| date=16 May 1962}}
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 {{cite techreport| last1=Yang| first1=Xiaoping| first2=Robert| last2=North| first3=Carl| last3=Romney|date=August 2000| title=CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3)| publisher=SMDC Monitoring Research}}
17. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 {{cite techreport|last1=Andrushkin |first1=Vitaly V. |first2=William |last2=Leith |date=1 September 2001 |title=The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions |publisher=USGS |type=Open File Report 01-312 |url=http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf |accessdate=13 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509080818/http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf |archivedate=9 May 2013 |df= }}
18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 {{cite book| publisher=RFNC-VNIIEF| year=1998| title=USSR Nuclear Tests, Hydronuclear Experiments, Plutonium Inventory| location=Sarov, Russia}}
19. ^1 2 {{cite web| last=Emanuelson| first=Jerry| title=Test 184| url=http://www.futurescience.com/emp/test184.html| accessdate=13 December 2013}}
20. ^1 2 3 {{cite techreport| last1=Stevens| first1=Jeffry L.| first2=David A.| last2=Adams| first3=G. Eli| last3=Baker| first4=Heming| last4=Xu| first5=John R.| last5=Murphy| first6=Igor| last6=Divnor| first7=V. N.| last7=Bourchik| first8=Ivan| last8=Kitov| title=Infrasound scaling and attenuation relations from Soviet explosion data and instrument design criteria from experiments and simulations| journal=21st Seismic Research Symposium| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253114871_INFRASOUND_SCALING_AND_ATTENUATION_RELATIONS_FROM_SOVIET_EXPLOSION_DATA_AND_INSTRUMENT_DESIGN_CRITERIA_FROM_EXPERIMENTS_AND_SIMULATIONS}}
21. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite techreport| publisher=Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense| location=Washington, DC| title=Operation Argus, 1958| type=DNA6039F| url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112075683737;view=1up;seq=11| accessdate=26 November 2013}}
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web|url=http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=1627 |title=Early testing at Novaya Zemlya }} based on: {{cite web|url=http://wsyachina.narod.ru/history/testing_ground_25.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-01-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231080707/http://wsyachina.narod.ru/history/testing_ground_25.html |archivedate=31 December 2010 |df= }}, http://flot.com/history/events/nucleararchipelago.htm and http://www.proatom.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2312
23. ^1 {{cite book| last=Penkovskiy| first=Oleg| year=1965| title=The Penkovskiy Papers| publisher=Doubleday and Co.| location=Garden City, NY}}
24. ^1 2 {{cite journal| last=Crampin| first=Stuart| year=1966| title=Higher-mode seismic surface waves from atmospheric nuclear explosions over Novaya Zemlya| doi=10.1029/jz071i012p02951| journal=Journal of Geophysical Research| volume=71| pages=2951–2958}}
25. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal| last1=Machta| first1=L. R. J.| first2=K.| last2=Telegadas| year=1962| title=A survey of radioactive fallout from nuclear tests| doi=10.1029/jz067i004p01389| journal=Journal of Geophysical Research| volume=67| pages=1389–1400}}
26. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal| journal=Science and Global Security| volume=13| number=1| doi=10.1080/08929880590961862| title=A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya, 1955--1990| first1=Vitaly I.| last1=Khalturin| first2=Tatyana G.| last2=Rautian|first3=Paul G.|last3=Richards|first4=William S.| last4=Leith| url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~richards/my_papers/khalturin_NZ_1-42%20.pdf| accessdate=12 August 2014| date=10 April 2004}}
27. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal| last1=Stevens| first1=J. L.| first2=I. I.| last2=Divnov| first3=D. A.| last3=Adams| first4=J. R.| last4=Murphy| first5=V. N.| last5=Bourchik| year=2002| doi=10.1007/s00024-002-8672-4| title=Constraints on infrasound scaling and attenuation relations from Soviet explosion data| journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics| volume=159| pages=1045–1062}}
28. ^1 {{cite journal| last1=Khalturin| first1=Vitaly I.| first2=Tatyana G.| last2=Rautian| first3=Paul G.| last3=Richards| year=2000| doi=10.1007/pl00001153| title=Chemical explosions during 1961-1989 on the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan| journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics| volume=158| pages=143–171| url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/sgt/vitaly/VIKh_papers/chemex_at_STS2000.pdf| accessdate=13 December 2013}}
29. ^1 2 {{cite book| last1=Weir| first1=Gary E.| first2=Walter J.| last2=Boyne| year= 2003| title=Rising Tide: The Untold Story of the Russian Submarines that Fought the Cold War| publisher=Basic Books| location=New York, NY}}
30. ^1 2 {{cite techreport| last1=Eneva| first1=Mariana| first2=Jeffry L.| last2=Stevens| first3=Jack| last3=Murphy| first4=Boris D.| last4=Khristoforov| title=Effect of charge depth in Russian hydroacoustic data from nuclear and HE explosions| journal=22nd Seismic Research Review| url=https://www.nemre.nnsa.doe.gov/prod/researchreview/2000/05/0503.pdf| accessdate=20 January 2013}}{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
31. ^1 {{cite book| last=Zaloga| first=Steven J.| year=2002| title=The Kremlin's Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces, 1945-2000| publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press| location=Washington, DC}}