| 词条 | Normal type |
| 释义 |
Tönnies’ distinctionsTönnies drew a sharp line between the realm of conceptualization (of sociological terms, including ‘normal types’) and the realm of reality (of social action). The first must be treated axiomatically and in a deductive way (pure sociology); the second, empirically and in an inductive way (applied sociology). Following Tönnies, reality (the second realm) cannot be explained without concepts, which belong to the first realm, or else you will fail because you try to define x by something derived from x. Tönnies’ Normaltyp was thus a conceptual tool created on a logical basis,[2] an almost mathematical concept always open to subsequent refinement from a confrontation with the empirical evidence.[3] The contrast with Weber’s ‘ideal type’ came from the latter’s ‘accentuation’ of certain elements of a real social process, which is under sociological (or historical) scrutiny - “the one-sided accentuation of one or more points of view ... of a great many diffuse, discrete, more or less present and occasionally absent concrete individual phenomena”, as Weber himself put it.[4] From Tönnies’ point of view, an ideal type cannot explain reality, because it is derived from reality by accentuation, but might help to understand reality. The normal type moved from abstract to concrete; the ideal type from concrete to abstract. Weber's survivalNevertheless, Weber’s term survived in the sociological community, since his Idealtyp helped to understand social forces, and for him sociology had both to explain and to understand things – a daring combination, but successful in the eyes of many sociologists. See also{{Portal|Sociology}}
References1. ^C. Schlüter/L. Clausen eds., Renaissance der Gemeinschaft? (1990) p. 135 2. ^P. Muljadi ed. Community (nd) p. 11 3. ^W.J. Cahnman et al. Weber and Toennies (1943) pp. 69, 128 4. ^Quoted in Alfred Schutz, The Phenomenology of the Social World (1997) p. 243 External links
1 : Sociological terminology |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。