| 词条 | 1971 Ibrox disaster |
| 释义 |
| title = Ibrox Disaster, 1971 | image = The 1971 Ibrox Disaster Memorial (geograph 5756553).jpg | image_upright = yes | caption = A memorial to those who died in the disaster, including a statue of then-captain John Greig, unveiled in January 2001 | date = {{start date|1971|01|02|df=y}} | time = | place = Ibrox Park, Glasgow, Scotland | coordinates = {{coord|55.853727|-4.306996|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}} | also known as = | cause = | outcome = | reported deaths = 66 | reported injuries = > 200 | burial = | inquiries = | inquest = | coroner = | suspects = | accused = | convicted = | charges = | verdict = | convictions = | publication bans = | litigation = }} The 1971 Ibrox disaster was a crush among the crowd at an Old Firm football game, which led to 66 deaths and more than 200 injuries. It happened on 2 January 1971 in an exit stairway at Ibrox Park (now Ibrox Stadium) in Glasgow, Scotland. It was the worst British football disaster until the Hillsborough disaster in Sheffield, England, in 1989. The stadium's owner, Rangers F.C., was later ruled to be at fault in a sheriff's judgement on one of the deaths.[1] Rangers did not dispute this ruling, and was sued for damages in 60 other cases brought by relatives of the dead.[2] BackgroundThe first disaster at Ibrox occurred during a 1902 home international match between Scotland and England. The back of the wooden West Tribune Stand collapsed due to heavy rainfall the previous night, causing 25 deaths and 517 injuries.[1]During 1963, concerns were raised about the safety of the stairway adjacent to passageway 13, colloquially known as Stairway 13, the exit closest to Copland Road subway station.[2] It was documented that the stairs provided very little freedom of movement due to crowd pressure; many were lifted off their feet by the crowd and had no choice in which lane they were going to use, or at what pace.[3] On 16 September 1961 two people were killed in a crush on the stairway, and there were two other incidents, in 1967 and 1969. In 1967, eight spectators were injured when leaving the stadium. In 1969, 26 were injured in an accident on Stairway 13 during egress.[4] No steps were taken to consult a professional firm to discuss the potential dangers from crowds on Stairway 13 following these events. Subsequent to the 1961 accident, Rangers had by then spent a total of £150,000 on improvements to Ibrox, a very significant sum of money for the time[5] (£2.3 million in 2018 money). EventsThe disaster occurred on Saturday, 2 January 1971, when 66 people were killed in a crush as supporters tried to leave the stadium. The match was an Old Firm game (Rangers v Celtic) and was attended by more than 80,000 fans.[6][7][8] In the 90th minute, Celtic took a 1–0 lead through Jimmy Johnstone and some Rangers supporters started to leave the stadium. However, in the final moments of the match, Colin Stein scored an equaliser for Rangers.[9] As thousands of spectators were leaving the ground by stairway 13, it appears that someone may have fallen, causing a massive chain-reaction pile-up of people. The loss included many children, five of them schoolmates from the town of Markinch in Fife. The youngest child to die was Nigel Patrick Pickup of Liverpool, age 9. Most of the deaths were caused by compressive asphyxia, with bodies being stacked up to six feet deep in the area. More than 200 other fans were injured. Initially there was speculation that some fans left the ground slightly early when Celtic scored, but then turned back when they heard the crowd cheering when Stein scored the equaliser, colliding with fans leaving the ground when the match ended.[10] The official inquiry into the disaster indicated that there was no truth in this hypothesis, however, as all the spectators were heading in the same direction at the time of the collapse.[10] Consequences{{refimprove|section|date=December 2017}}The disaster spurred the UK government to look into safety at sports grounds. In February 1971, Scottish judge Lord Wheatley was asked to conduct an inquiry.[11] His findings, published in May 1972, formed the basis for the Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds (Green Guide), first published in 1973. An Fatal Accident Inquiry had been held in Glasgow which opened on 15 February 1971.[12] It lasted 7 days, although the jury of four men and three women had been instructed not to make recommendations around safety precautions at football grounds, because an inquiry led by Lord Wheatley would be examining this.[13] The 1971 disaster led to a huge redevelopment of the Ibrox ground, spearheaded by the then-manager Willie Waddell, who visited Borussia Dortmund's Westfalenstadion for inspiration. After three years' reconstruction work, three quarters of the ground being replaced by modern all-seater stands, Ibrox was converted to a 44,000-capacity stadium by 1981. Further work in the 1990s increased the stadium capacity to 50,000, and Ibrox was subsequently awarded UEFA five-star status. For some years after the 1971 disaster there was only a small plaque at the corner of the ground where it happened. However, in 1995 Rangers announced plans to commemorate the 66 fans killed in the 1971 disaster.[14][15] On 2 January 2001, the 30th anniversary of the tragedy, a larger monument was unveiled at the corner of the Bill Struth Main Stand and the Copland Road Stand. The monument contains blue plaques displaying the names of each person killed in all three incidents. A statue of John Greig, the Rangers captain at the time of the 1971 disaster, stands atop the monument. In 2011, the 40th anniversary of the disaster was commemorated before the Old Firm game on 2 January 2011 when a one-minute silence was observed before the game. Both teams wore black armbands as a sign of respect and were led out by John Greig and Billy McNeill – the respective club captains at the time of the disaster (although Billy McNeill had not played due to injury). Damages claimsSheriff James Irvine Smith, in his damages statement, ruled: "The said accident was due to the fault and negligence of the defenders, Rangers F.C.".[16] Smith found Rangers F.C. guilty on four counts in the case of the death of Charles Dougan, a 31-year-old boilermaker from Clydebank who died, as did 56 others, from traumatic asphyxia. After hearing of a series of accidents on Stairway 13 including September 1961 when there were 70 people injured and two deaths, September 1967 when 11 people were taken to hospital, and January 1969 when 29 people were injured, Sheriff Irvine Smith stated, {{quote|text=So far as the evidence is concerned, the Board never so much as considered that it ought to apply its mind to the question of safety on that particular stairway [...] and would appear – I put it no higher – to have proceeded on the view that if the problem was ignored long enough it would eventually go away [...] Indeed it goes further than this because certain of their actions can only be interpreted as a deliberate and apparently successful attempt to deceive others that they were doing something, when in fact they were doing nothing.|sign=Sheriff Irvine Smith|source=damages statement.[16]}}In the case of Charles Dougan and a further 60 cases brought by relatives of the dead, Rangers F.C. did not dispute the findings of Sheriff Irvine Smith and instead merely disputed the calculation of the damages as can be seen from the appeal judgement of the Sheriff Principal.[17] A more detailed report can be found on the evidence heard and the veracity of Rangers F.C. witnesses in a December 1974 edition of Foul - The Alternative Football Paper.[18] In his book, Irvine Smith states that 30, and nearly 40 years after his decision, he is viewed with disapproval by some Rangers-supporting friends, who accuse him of "disloyalty".[19] See also{{Portal|1970s}}
References1. ^{{cite journal | last =Sheils | first =Robert | title =The fatalities at the Ibrox disaster of 1902 |journal=The Sports Historian | volume =18 | issue =2 | pages =148–155 | publisher=British Society of Sports History |date=November 1998 | url =http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/1998/sh182k.pdf | access-date=17 May 2007|format=PDF | doi =10.1080/17460269809445801|authorlink =Robert Sheils}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/#zoom=16.736382285277646&lat=55.8538&lon=-4.3071&layers=170&b=1|title=OS 1:1,250, 1944-1967 |publisher=National Library of Scotland|website=Explore georeferenced maps|accessdate=18 July 2018}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dickie|first1=JF|title=Major Crowd Catastrophes|journal=Safety Science|date=1995|volume=18|page=315}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dickie|first1=JF|title=Major Crowd Catastrophes|journal=Safety Science|date=1995|volume=18|page=315}} 5. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L5JAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BKUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6245%2C4244012|title=Directors evidence on stairway safety |first1=James |last1=Murphy |work=The Glasgow Herald |date=23 February 1971 |page=5|accessdate=2 January 2018}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2014/sep/04/forgotten-story-rangers-1972-european-cup-winners|title=The forgotten story of … Rangers’ 1972 European Cup Winners’ Cup win |last=Harris|first=Daniel|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 September 2014|accessdate=19 January 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Rangers 1 — 1 Celtic, Scottish League (02/01/1971) [Rangers team]|url=http://www.fitbastats.com/rangers/game.php?gameid=76166|website=Fitbastats |accessdate=18 July 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Rangers 1 — 1 Celtic, Scottish League (02/01/1971) [Celtic team] |url=http://www.fitbastats.com/celtic/game.php?gameid=76166|website=Fitbastats |accessdate=18 July 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=On this day — 2 January — 1971: Disaster at Ibrox|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/january/2/newsid_3368000/3368963.stm|publisher=BBC |accessdate=22 September 2012}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|title=1971: Sixty-six die in Scottish football disaster|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/2/newsid_2478000/2478305.stm|publisher=BBC |accessdate=22 September 2012}} 11. ^{{Cite news|title=Wheatley heads safety inquiry|pages=1 | newspaper = Glasgow Herald|location=Glasgow|date=5 February 1971|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IJJAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BKUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5923%2C842579 |postscript="."}} 12. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KJJAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BKUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3524%2C2678987 |title=Ibrox disaster inquiry opens to-day |work=The Glasgow Herald |date=15 February 1971 |page=1|accessdate=2 January 2019}} 13. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MJJAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BKUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5150%2C4510772 |title=Rangers urged to seek advice on stairway |first=James |last=Murphy |work=The Glasgow Herald |date=24 February 1971 |page=5|accessdate=2 January 2019}} 14. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12071152.Memorial_to_Ibrox_disaster_planned/|title=Memorial to Ibrox disaster planned|work=The Herald |date=21 December 1995 |accessdate=2 February 2017}} 15. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/leagues/scottishpremier/2993628/Rangers-plan-memorial-to-victims-of-Ibrox-disaster.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Rangers plan memorial to victims of Ibrox disaster | first=Paul | last=Ryan | date=29 November 2000 | accessdate=4 May 2010}} 16. ^1 2 Source: National Records of Scotland, Ref: SC36/1972/1/3 Interlocutors (viewing by appointment only). 17. ^1 Source: National Records of Scotland, Ref: SC36/1972/1/3 Interlocutors (viewing by appointment only) 18. ^Source: National Library of Scotland, Ref: Shelfmark: HP1.77.3658 PER 19. ^Law, Life and Laughter; A personal verdict. Black & White publishers. {{ISBN|978 1 84502 356 0}} External links
11 : Disasters in Glasgow|1971 disasters in the United Kingdom|20th century in Glasgow|Stadium disasters|Disasters in Scotland|History of football in Scotland|1970–71 in Scottish football|Human stampedes in the United Kingdom|Rangers F.C. matches|Celtic F.C. matches|Fatal accident inquiries |
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