| 词条 | 1972 Olympics Black Power salute |
| 释义 |
The 1972 Olympics Black Power Salute was a political protest by two US Olympic runners Vincent Matthews and Wayne Collett during the 1972 Summer Olympics at the Olympic Stadium in Munich, West Germany. This event is sometimes referred to as "The Forgotten Protest."[1] This event came four years after the 1968 Olympics Black Power salute.[2] Before the gamesMatthews was a 1968 Olympian who had retired.[3] He was frustrated by problems that included having to pay his own travel to the US Trials.[4] ProtestBoth runners refused to stand for the US National Anthem.[5] They subsequently stroked their beards, and twirled their medals as they left the stadium.[5] The German crowd booed both runners for their display.[6] Media reactionThe Associated Press noted that the casual behavior of Matthews and Collett during the playing of the anthem as "disrespectful," and described the conduct as follows: Collett, bare-footed, leaped from the No. 2 tier to the No. 1 stand beside his teammate. They stood sideways to the flag, twirling their medals, with Matthews stroking his chin. Their shoulders slumped, neither stood erect nor looked at the flag. ... As whistles and catcalls continued, Collett raised a clenched fist to the crowd before entering the portal of the dressing room.[7] Robert Markus reported in the Chicago Tribune on September 9, 1972[8] [Matthews] was angry at Coach Bill Bowerman-as most of the U.S. trackmen seem to be-because Bowerman had hinted he would like to remove him from the place he had earned in the 400-meter field. He was angry that he had been forced to train on his own in unsuitable facilities, had to travel 4 or 5 times from N.Y. to the west coast in order to get any kind of competition, and had been put down by some of the press as a drag on America's hopes for a 400-meter sweep. The Chicago Tribune further reported[9] Matthews said his and Collett's actions were directed at the U.S. coaching staff, not the flag or the National Anthem. "We were just mad about a lot of things. We didn't think it would blow up like this. We were asked to apologize. I'm not really sorry for what I did. I'm sorry for the way people took it [hoots and whistles from the stands when the anthem finished]. What I tried to get across to the Olympic Committee was if it was pre-meditated I could have done something better than that. It was just something that happened. We didn't realize the implications to the people in the stands." In an interview after the medal ceremony with the American Broadcasting Company, Collett said the national anthem meant nothing to him.[10] He explained that he had felt unable to honor the anthem, because of the struggle faced by African Americans at the time: "I couldn't stand there and sing the words because I don't believe they're true. I wish they were. I believe we have the potential to have a beautiful country, but I don't think we do." The pair were banned from future Olympic competition by the IOC. IOC president Avery Brundage deemed it to be a domestic political statement unfit for the apolitical, international forum the Olympic Games were intended to be.[11] Since John Smith had pulled a hamstring 80 meters into the final while leading and had been ruled unfit to run, the USA were now unable to field a team in the 4 × 400 m relay and were forced to scratch from the event.[6] Athlete statementsI wasn't acting any differently than I usually do, but we were like goldfish in a fishbowl, in front of all those people. If they wanted me to stand at attention, I could've probably done that, but it wouldn't be me, and I was led to believe that the Olympics was for the athlete. We consider ourselves athletes, not politicians, or marching bands. Our athletic competition was over, and we were both happy.[12] After the gamesBoth runners received a lifelong ban from the IOC.[13][5] This banning forced the US to scratch from the 4x400 metres relay where the Americans would be favored to win.[6] Both runners were eventually elected to the Black Olympian Hall of Fame.[14][15] This display by the athletes would be overshadowed by the Munich massacre.[11] Collett went on to become a lawyer.[11] In 2011, Matthews was elected to the USATF Hall of Fame.[16] Footnotes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://speedendurance.com/2011/02/01/vince-matthews-and-wayne-collette-1972-the-forgotten-protest/|title=Vince Matthews and Wayne Collett 1972 – The Forgotten Protest?|author=Jimson Lee|work=SpeedEndurance.com}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/04/24/sport/olympics-norman-black-power/|title=The third man: The forgotten Black Power hero|author=James Montague, CNN|date=24 April 2012|work=CNN}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/vince-matthews-1.html|title=Vince Matthews|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}} 4. ^{{cite book | last=Hartmann | first=D. | title=Race, Culture, and the Revolt of the Black Athlete: The 1968 Olympic Protests and Their Aftermath | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-226-31855-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNvIe2JE0vIC&pg=PA241 | ref=harv | accessdate=2015-04-17}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite book | last=Schiller | first=K. | last2=Young | first2=C. | title=The 1972 Munich Olympics and the Making of Modern Germany | publisher=University of California Press | series=Weimar and now | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-520-26213-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEQEqnXdRAC&pg=PT134 | ref=harv | accessdate=2015-04-17}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/17/local/la-me-wayne-collett18-2010mar18|title=Wayne Collett dies at 60; UCLA sprinter won silver medal at '72 Olympics|work=latimes}} 7. ^{{cite news|title=Milburn, Matthews Win Gold, But U.S. Trails|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=September 8, 1972|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gpwcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mWYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5359,2754393&dq=wayne+collett&hl=en}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1972/09/09/page/229/|title=Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers|publisher=}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1972/09/09/page/227/|title=Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers|publisher=}} 10. ^{{cite news|author=Chuck Johnson|title=Matthews, Collett Barred for Conduct on Victory Stand|newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal|date=September 8, 1972|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cMAdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oygEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7196,4127118&dq=wayne+collett&hl=en}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/wayne-collett-athlete-who-staged-a-black-power-protest-at-the-1972-olympic-games-1956018.html|title=Wayne Collett: Athlete who staged a Black Power protest at the 1972 Olympic Games|work=The Independent}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/page2/s/merron/030205.html|title=ESPN.com - Page2 - Violating the Olympic spirit|work=go.com}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=Vincent+Matthews+banned&source=bl&ots=njf4IVrOwi&sig=JH18ql10zlU9ayOguLiIDL6LvMg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xF8uVY3-KsuKyATe4YGACA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Vincent%20Matthews%20banned&f=false%7ctitle=Jet%7cwork=google.com|title=Jet|work=google.com|accessdate=17 April 2015}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KdbR4eqgfEC&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&dq=Vincent+Matthews+Wayne+Collett&source=bl&ots=PiCNVyOHE4&sig=X8bd-DGcrE-KxhtW7acoiCA9AME&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UmIuVYuuEouoyQSArYHIAQ&ved=0CD0Q6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Vincent%20Matthews%20Wayne%20Collett&f=false|title=Black Enterprise|work=google.com}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/wayne-collett-athlete-who-staged-a-black-power-protest-at-the-1972-olympic-games-1956018.html|title=Wayne Collett: Athlete who staged a Black Power protest at the 1972 Olympic Games|work=The Independent}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usatf.org/halloffame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=249|title=USATF - Hall of Fame|work=usatf.org}} 17 : 1972 in the United States|1972 Summer Olympics|1972 in Germany|Civil rights protests|Black Power|Hand gestures|History of Munich|History of West Germany|Politics and race in the United States|Protests in Mexico|Olympic Games controversies|Anti-racism|Politics and sports|Salutes|1972 works|1972 in art|1970s photographs |
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