| 词条 | 1975 Kankesanthurai Electoral District by-election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
A by-election for the National State Assembly seat of the Kankesanthurai Electoral District, Jaffna District, Sri Lanka, was held on 6 February 1975.[1][1] The election was characterised by increased tension and marked a turning point in the emergence of Tamil militancy. BackgroundThe incumbent Member of Parliament, the Tamil United Front S.J.V. Chelvanayakam, had resigned from his seat in October 1972 in protest against the new Constitution. Chelvanayakam argued that the by-election would function as a test of whether the new Constitution enjoyed popular support or not.[1][4] However the holding of the by-election was delayed. On 4 November 1973 Chelvayakam wrote to the Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, assuring her that the election would be held without violent disturbances. As the election continued to be postponed, the Tamil movement grew more and more restless and gradually lost faith in the parliamentary process.[2] CandidatesThe final date for nominations was 7 January 1975.[1] In the end the by-poll was fought between Chelvanayakam and the Communist Party candidate V. Ponnambalam. Ponnambalam was the candidate of the governing United Front coalition.[3] Rising tensionsThe political climate in the Jaffna area (to which the constituency belonged) had become increasingly heated.[2] Calls for a separate Tamil homeland, 'Eelam', were heard from the electorate in run-up to the polls.[4] In the election campaign Chelvanayakam argued in favour of the Six Point Plan proposed by the Federal Party in 1972. Ponnambalam warned that a victory for Chelvanayakam would embolden separatist forces.[2] The Communist Party had pushed the Sri Lanka Freedom Party to agree that the demands for far-reaching autonomy (beyond the 1957 Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact) would be used in the electoral propaganda. However he promised printed material with this demand never arrived, to the frustration of Ponnambalam.[11] The election campaign was marred with tension, and the government assigned a bodyguard for Ponnambalam for his protection.[5] AmnestyIn 1974 forty-one Tamil youths, detained under emergency regulations, were released from jail in the run-up to the by-election. These amnesties on behalf of the government was a move seak appeasement.[6][7] Result
AftermathChelvanayakam had retained the seat with the biggest margin in the history of the constituency.[2] Chelvanayakam interpreted the election outcome as popular mandate for Tamil independence.[17] The statement made by Chelvanayakam on 7 February 1975 would mark a turning point in the history of the country, in which he justified the call for Tamil sovereignty.[9][10] This statement marked the first formal pledge for a sovereign Tamil Eelam state.[11] Subsequently the name of TUF was changed to 'Tamil United Liberation Front'.[12] In parliament, however, Chelvanayakam was not allowed to table his proposal for 'Eelam'.[4] The by-election marked the end for the aspirations of the Sri Lankan left in the North. However the vote for Ponnambalam was substantial, compared to the popular rejection in the area of Bandaranaike's government at time. Ponnambalam later stated that he regretted having stood in the election.[11] The election left him disillusioned with the Communist Party and the United Front, and he left withdrew from it.[13] References{{Portal|Sri Lanka}}1. ^1 {{cite book|author=K. M. De Silva|title=Managing ethnic tensions in multi-ethnic societies: Sri Lanka, 1880–1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mtuAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-8191-5397-5|page=258}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|author=A. Jeyaratnam Wilson|title=S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and the Crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism, 1947–1977: A Political Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2jvhndxPzQC&pg=PA123|date=January 1994|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-130-7|pages=123}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|author-link=A. Jeyaratnam Wilson|title=The Break-up of Sri Lanka: The Sinhalese-Tamil Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kfK34Y7mYkC&pg=PA88|date=January 1988|publisher=C. Hurst & Co.|isbn=978-1-85065-033-1|page=88}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|title=Strategic Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3dTAAAAYAAJ|date=April 1984|publisher=Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses|page=411}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Mahavalirajan|first=Rajan|title=Tamil/Transnationalism a Convenient Concept|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUw_yL5FAxgC&pg=PA16|date=November 2009|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4490-2005-7|pages=16–20}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=M. R. Narayan Swamy|title=Tigers of Lanka, from boys to guerrillas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yzpuAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Konark Publishers|page=27}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Gāmiṇi Samaranāyaka|title=Political Violence in Sri Lanka, 1971–1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvDHdlk4tGIC&pg=PA216|year=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-1003-4|page=216}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.slelections.gov.lk/pdf/ByElections1947-1988.pdf |title=Summary of By-Elections 1947 to 1988 |publisher=Department of Elections, Sri Lanka }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 9. ^{{cite book|author1=B. Raman|author2=Observer Research Foundation. Chennai Chapter|title=Sri Lanka, peace without process|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DzrAAAAIAAJ|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Saṁskṛiti in association with Observer Research Foundation|isbn=978-81-87374-47-3|page=69}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Daniel Bar-Tal|title=Intractable Conflicts: Socio-Psychological Foundations and Dynamics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF7l2UXc5jIC&pg=PA179|date=18 March 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-86708-5|page=179}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=V. Suryanarayan|title=Sri Lankan Crisis and India's Response|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AT9uAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Patriot Publishers|isbn=978-81-7050-141-1|page=42}} 12. ^1 {{cite book|author=Asoka Bandarage|title=The Separatist Conflict in Sri Lanka: Terrorism, ethnicity, political economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEv-NcII3t0C&pg=PA71|date=6 November 2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-88631-1|page=71}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite book | authorlink1=Rajan Hoole | authorlink2=Rajini Thiranagama | chapter=Chapter 3 – 1979 – 83: The Mounting Repression | first1=Rajan | last1=Hoole | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3i1uAAAAMAAJ | title=Sri Lanka: the arrogance of power : myths, decadence & murder | publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights | date=January 2001 | last2=Thiranagama | first2=Rajini | pages=11, 46 | isbn=978-955-9447-04-7 | quote=Ponnambalam expressed his regrets at having contested the 1975 election against such a venerable figure as S.J.V. Chelvanayakam}} 5 : Parliamentary elections in Sri Lanka|1975 elections in Asia|By-elections in Sri Lanka|1975 in Sri Lanka|February 1975 events |
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