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词条 1978 Soviet nuclear tests
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{{See also|List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union}}{{Infobox nuclear weapons test
|name = 1978
|picture = Nuclear Blast Animation Rising Mushroom Cloud.gif
|picture_description = Nuclear blast animation
|country = Soviet Union
|test_site = Atyrau, Kazakhstan; Balapan, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Khanty-Mansi, Russia; Krasnoyarsk, Russia; NZ Area B, Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia; Sakha, Russia; Sary-Uzen/Murzhik, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan
|period = 1978
|number_of_tests = 31
|test_type = underground shaft, underground tunnel
|max_yield = {{convert|180|ktTNT|lk=in}}
|previous_series = 1977 Soviet nuclear tests
|next_series = 1979 Soviet nuclear tests
}}{{GeoGroup|article=1978 Soviet nuclear tests}}

The Soviet Union's 1978 nuclear test series[1] was a group of 31 nuclear tests conducted in 1978. These tests [1] followed the 1977 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1979 Soviet nuclear tests series.

According to an article that appeared in 2010 on the Russia state broadcaster RT, on November 17, 1978, the USSR detonated its first neutron bomb.[2] However this test detonation, if it indeed occurred on the date given, has no other known references to support this date.

 !style="background:#ffdead;" | Name [3] !style="background:#efefef;" | Date time (UT) !style="background:#ffdead;" | Local time zone [4][5] !style="background:#efefef;" | Location [6] !style="background:#ffdead;" | Elevation + height [7] !style="background:#efefef;" | Delivery, [8]
Purpose [9] !style="background:#efefef;" | Device [10] !style="background:#ffdead;" | Yield [11] !style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | Fallout [12] !style="background:#ffdead;" class="unsortable" | References !style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable" | Notes
Soviet Union's 1978 series tests and detonations
format=dmy|1978|3|19}} 03:46:59.82ALMT (6 hrs)
49.80621|78.11687|name=481|display=inline}}000460|}}{{convert|460|m|abbr=on}} + underground shaft,
weapons development		{{sort|000130000|13 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|3|26}} 03:56:59.96ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7643|77.9993|name=482 - 1|display=inline}}000444|}}{{convert|704|m|abbr=on}} - {{convert|260|m|abbr=on}} underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000300000|30 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|3|26}} 03:57:00.0ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7643|77.9993|name=482 - 2|display=inline}}000704|}}{{convert|704|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|4|22}} 03:07:00.01ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7469|78.1251|name=483 - 1|display=inline}}000579|}}{{convert|579|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000200000|20 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|4|22}} 03:07:00.0ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7469|78.1251|name=483 - 2|display=inline}}000579|}}{{convert|579|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|4|22}} 03:07:00.0ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7469|78.1251|name=483 - 3|display=inline}}000579|}}{{convert|579|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|5|24}} 03:07:00ALMT (6 hrs)
49.74721|78.05809|name=484|display=inline}}000394|}}{{convert|394|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
safety experiment		{{sort|000000010|1000 kg}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|5|29}} 04:56:59.85ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7986|78.1022|name=485|display=inline}}000686|}}{{convert|686|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapon effect		{{sort|000030000|3 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|6|2}}ALMT (6 hrs)
49.74828|78.06006|name=486|display=inline}}000394|}}{{convert|394|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
safety experiment		{{sort|000000010|1000 kg}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|6|11}} 02:57:00.14ALMT (6 hrs)
49.91406|78.80121|name=487|display=inline}}000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} + underground shaft,
weapons development		{{sort|000580000|58 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|7|5}} 02:47:00.05ALMT (6 hrs)
49.90376|78.86647|name=488|display=inline}}000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} + underground shaft,
weapons development		{{sort|000870000|87 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|7|28}} 02:46:59.89ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7488|78.0893|name=489 - 1|display=inline}}000623|}}{{convert|623|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000600000|60 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|7|28}} 02:46:59.9ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7488|78.0893|name=489 - 2|display=inline}}000623|}}{{convert|623|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|7|28}} 02:46:59.9ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7488|78.0893|name=489 - 3|display=inline}}000623|}}{{convert|623|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|7|28}} 02:46:59.9ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7488|78.0893|name=489 - 4|display=inline}}000623|}}{{convert|623|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|7|28}} 02:46:59.9ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7488|78.0893|name=489 - 5|display=inline}}000623|}}{{convert|623|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|8|9}} 18:00:00.8YAKT (9 hrs)
63.678|125.522|name=490 Kraton 4 (Craton)|display=inline}}000000|}} - {{convert|560|m|abbr=on}} underground shaft,
seismic sounding		{{sort|000220000|22 kt}} [1][16][17][18][28] Seismic probing program.
format=dmy|1978|8|10}} 07:59:57.93MSK (3 hrs)
73.291|54.883|name=491 - 1|display=inline}}000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|001800000|180 kt}} [1][16][17][18][103]
format=dmy|1978|8|10}} 07:59:57.9MSK (3 hrs)
73.291|54.883|name=491 - 2|display=inline}}000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][17][18][28][108]
format=dmy|1978|8|10}} 07:59:57.9MSK (3 hrs)
73.291|54.883|name=491 - 3|display=inline}}000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][17][18][28][108]
format=dmy|1978|8|10}} 07:59:57.9MSK (3 hrs)
73.291|54.883|name=491 - 4|display=inline}}000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][17][18][28][108]
format=dmy|1978|8|10}} 07:59:57.9MSK (3 hrs)
73.291|54.883|name=491 - 5|display=inline}}000000|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} - {{convert|500|m|abbr=on}} underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}}70|Ci|GBq|abbr=on}} [1][17][18][28][108]
format=dmy|1978|8|10}} 07:59:57.9MSK (3 hrs)
73.291|54.883|name=491 - 6|display=inline}}000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
fundamental science		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][17][18][28][108]
format=dmy|1978|8|24}} 18:00:00.4YAKT (9 hrs)
65.925|112.338|name=492 Kraton 3 (Craton)|display=inline}}000000|}} - {{convert|577|m|abbr=on}} underground shaft,
seismic sounding		{{sort|000220000|22 kt}} Venting detected [1][16][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|8|29}} 02:36:59.95ALMT (6 hrs)
49.8074|78.1091|name=493 - 1|display=inline}}000770|}}{{convert|770|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000140000|14 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|8|29}} 02:37:00.0ALMT (6 hrs)
49.8074|78.1091|name=493 - 2|display=inline}}000770|}}{{convert|770|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|8|29}} 02:37:00.0ALMT (6 hrs)
49.8074|78.1091|name=493 - 3|display=inline}}000770|}}{{convert|770|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
safety experiment		{{sort|000000010|1000 kg}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|8|29}} 02:37:08.75ALMT (6 hrs)
50.00965|78.96669|name=494|display=inline}}000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} + underground shaft,
weapons development		{{sort|001190000|119 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|9|12}} 04:59:58.5SHET (5 hrs)
47.909|47.912|name=495 Galit A2.4 (Halite)|display=inline}}000000|}} - {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}} underground shaft,
industrial		{{sort|000000800|80 t}} [1][17][18][28][108] Create reservoirs for gas storage. A fizzle.
format=dmy|1978|9|15}} 02:36:59.97ALMT (6 hrs)
49.92944|78.8614|name=496|display=inline}}000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} + underground shaft,
weapons development		{{sort|000810000|81 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|9|20}} 05:03:00.0ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7934|78.1447|name=497|display=inline}}000660|}}{{convert|660|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapon effect		{{sort|000011000|1.1 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|9|21}} 15:00:00.2KRAT (7 hrs)
66.598|86.21|name=498 Kraton 2 (Craton)|display=inline}}000000|}} - {{convert|890|m|abbr=on}} underground shaft,
seismic sounding		{{sort|000150000|15 kt}} [1][16][17][18][28] Seismic probing program.
format=dmy|1978|9|27}} 02:04:58.6MSK (3 hrs)
73.349|54.676|name=499 - 1|display=inline}}000000|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} - {{convert|350|m|abbr=on}} underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000600000|60 kt}} [1][16][17][18][103]
format=dmy|1978|9|27}} 02:04:58.6MSK (3 hrs)
73.349|54.676|name=499 - 2|display=inline}}000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][17][18][28][108]
format=dmy|1978|9|27}} 02:04:58.6MSK (3 hrs)
73.349|54.676|name=499 - 3|display=inline}}000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][17][18][28][108]
format=dmy|1978|9|27}} 02:04:58.6MSK (3 hrs)
73.349|54.676|name=499 - 4|display=inline}}000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][17][18][28][108]
format=dmy|1978|9|27}} 02:04:58.6MSK (3 hrs)
73.349|54.676|name=499 - 5|display=inline}}000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][17][18][28][108]
format=dmy|1978|9|27}} 02:04:58.6MSK (3 hrs)
73.349|54.676|name=499 - 6|display=inline}}000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][17][18][28][108]
format=dmy|1978|9|27}} 02:04:58.6MSK (3 hrs)
73.349|54.676|name=499 - 7|display=inline}}000100|}}{{convert|100|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
safety experiment		{{sort|000000010|1000 kg}} [1][17][18][28][108]
format=dmy|1978|10|8}} 00:00:??YAKT (9 hrs)
61.55|112.85|name=500 Vyatka (Neva)|display=inline}}000000|}} - {{convert|1545|m|abbr=on}} underground shaft,
oil stimulation		{{sort|000150000|15 kt}} [1][16][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|10|15}} 05:37:00.14ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7395|78.1127|name=501|display=inline}}000645|}}{{convert|645|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapon effect		{{sort|000120000|12 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|10|17}} 04:59:59.1SHET (5 hrs)
47.84661|48.12042|name=502 Galit A7 (Halite) - 1|display=inline}}000000|}} - {{convert|1040|m|abbr=on}} underground shaft,
cavity excavation		{{sort|000560000|56 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18] Create reservoirs for gas storage.
format=dmy|1978|10|17}} 04:59:59.1SHET (5 hrs)
47.84661|48.12042|name=502 Galit A7 (Halite) - 2|display=inline}}000000|}} + underground shaft,
cavity excavation		{{sort|000180000|18 kt}} [1][15][17][18][28] Create reservoirs for gas storage.
format=dmy|1978|10|17}} 14:00:00.2SVET (5 hrs)
63.185|63.432|name=503 Kraton 1 (Craton)|display=inline}}000000|}} - {{convert|593|m|abbr=on}} underground shaft,
seismic sounding		{{sort|000220000|22 kt}} [1][16][17][18][28] Seismic probing program.
format=dmy|1978|10|31}} 04:17:00.19ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7875|78.0974|name=504|display=inline}}000638|}}{{convert|638|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
fundamental science		{{sort|000160000|16 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|11|4}} 05:05:59.86ALMT (6 hrs)
50.04706|78.94626|name=505 - 1|display=inline}}000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} + underground shaft,
weapons development		{{sort|000440000|44 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|11|4}} 05:05:59.9ALMT (6 hrs)
50.04167|78.94722|name=505 - 2|display=inline}}000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} + underground shaft,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][15][17][18][248]
format=dmy|1978|11|29}} 04:33:00.17ALMT (6 hrs)
49.95472|78.79395|name=506 - 1|display=inline}}000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} + underground shaft,
weapons development		{{sort|001010000|101 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|11|29}} 04:33:00.2ALMT (6 hrs)
49.95472|78.79395|name=506 - 2|display=inline}}000330|}}{{convert|330|m|abbr=on}} + underground shaft,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][15][17][18][28]
format=dmy|1978|11|29}} 04:33:04.99ALMT (6 hrs)
49.7826|78.0073|name=507|display=inline}}000750|}}{{convert|750|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|001100000|110 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|11|30}} 07:59:59.1SHET (5 hrs)
47.909|47.912|name=508 Galit A2.5 (Halite)|display=inline}}000000|}} - {{convert|600|m|abbr=on}} underground shaft,
industrial		{{sort|000000060|6 t}} [1][17][18][28][108] Create reservoirs for gas storage. A fizzle.
format=dmy|1978|12|14}} 04:43:00.03ALMT (6 hrs)
49.8061|78.1034|name=509|display=inline}}000768|}}{{convert|768|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000040000|4 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|12|18}} 07:59:58.5SHET (5 hrs)
47.85689|48.16091|name=510 Galit A9 (Halite)|display=inline}}000000|}} - {{convert|630|m|abbr=on}} underground shaft,
cavity excavation		{{sort|001030000|103 kt}} [1][16][17][18][28] Create reservoirs for gas storage.
format=dmy|1978|12|20}} 04:33:00.04ALMT (6 hrs)
49.81083|78.05417|name=511 - 1|display=inline}}000722|}}{{convert|722|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000035000|3.5 kt}} [1][15][16][17][18]
format=dmy|1978|12|20}} 04:33:00.0ALMT (6 hrs)
49.81083|78.05417|name=511 - 2|display=inline}}000722|}}{{convert|722|m|abbr=on}} + underground tunnel,
weapons development		{{sort|000000000|unknown yield}} [1][15][17][18][28]
1. ^A bomb test may be a salvo test, defined as two or more explosions "where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points and does not exceed 40 kilometers in length". {{cite journal|first=V. N., Editor in Chief|last=Mikhailov|title=Catalog of World Wide Nuclear Testing|publisher=Begell-Atom, LLC|url=http://www.iss-atom.ru/ksenia/catal_nt/1.htm|journal=|access-date=2013-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426102201/http://www.iss-atom.ru/ksenia/catal_nt/1.htm|archive-date=2014-04-26|dead-url=yes|df=}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://rt.com/news/prime-time/the-soviet-neutron-bomb-at-30/ |title=The Soviet neutron bomb at 30. March 07 2010. RT |access-date=2014-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110054159/https://www.rt.com/news/prime-time/the-soviet-neutron-bomb-at-30/ |archive-date=2011-11-10 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
3. ^The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
4. ^To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. All historical timezone data are derived from here:
5. ^{{cite web| title=Timezone Historical Database| publisher=iana.com| url=http://www.ietf.org/timezones/| accessdate=March 8, 2014}}
6. ^Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
7. ^Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
8. ^Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
9. ^Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
10. ^Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
11. ^Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
12. ^Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 {{cite book| publisher=RFNC-VNIIEF| year=1996| title=USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990| location=Sarov, Russia}} The official Russian list of Soviet tests.
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 {{cite book| editor-last=Podvig| editor-first=Pavel| year=2001| title=Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces| publisher=MIT Press| location=Cambridge, MA| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPRVbYDc-7kC&lpg=PA453&ots=vJQN2EUtRk&f=false| accessdate=January 9, 2014}}
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 {{cite book| last1=Cochran| first1=Thomas B.| last2=Arkin| first2=William M.| first3=Robert S.| last3=Norris| first4=Jeffrey I.| last4=Sands| title=Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons| publisher=Harper and Row| location=New York, NY}}
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 {{cite journal| last1=Khalturin| first1=Vitaly I.| first2=Tatyana G.| last2=Rautian| first3=Paul G.| last3=Richards| year=2000| doi=10.1007/pl00001153| title=Chemical explosions during 1961-1989 on the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan| journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics| volume=158| pages=143–171| url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/sgt/vitaly/VIKh_papers/chemex_at_STS2000.pdf| accessdate=December 13, 2013}}
17. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 {{cite techreport| last1=Yang| first1=Xiaoping| first2=Robert| last2=North| first3=Carl| last3=Romney|date=August 2000| title=CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3)| publisher=SMDC Monitoring Research}}
18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 {{cite techreport| title=Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4| date=December 1, 2004| publisher=IAEA Dept. of Nuclear Safety and Security| url=http://www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/rw/waste-safety/north-test-site-final.pdf| accessdate=December 13, 2013}}
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21. ^1 {{cite techreport| last1=Thurber| first1=Clifford| first2=Chad| last2=Trabant| first3=Florian| last3=Haslinger| first4=Renate| last4=Hartog| year=2001| doi=10.1016/s0031-9201(00)00215-6| title=Nuclear explosion locations at the Balapan, Kazakhstan, nuclear test site: the effects of high-precision arrival times and three-dimensional structure| journal=Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors| volume=123| pages=283–301| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240373396_Nuclear_explosion_locations_at_the_Balapan_Kazakhstan_nuclear_test_site_the_effects_of_high-precision_arrival_times_and_three-dimensional_structure| accessdate=December 13, 2013}}

References

{{reflist|refs=[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
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3 : Soviet nuclear weapons testing|1978 in the Soviet Union|1978 in military history
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