| 词条 | Northern giant petrel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image =Macronectes halli -Godthul, South Georgia, British Overseas Territories, UK -flying-8.jpg | image_caption=Flying over Godthul, South Georgia, British Overseas Territories | genus = Macronectes | species = halli | authority = Mathews, 1912[2] | range_map = Northern Giant-Petrel Range.png | range_map_caption = Global map of eBird reports{{leftlegend|#007F00|Year-Round Range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#E0CF01|Summer Range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0080FF|Winter Range|outline=gray}} }} The northern giant petrel (Macronectes halli), also known as Hall's giant petrel, is a large predatory seabird of the southern oceans. Its distribution overlaps broadly, but is slightly north of, the similar southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus). TaxonomyBoth giant petrel species make up the genus Macronectes. They belong to the order Procellariiformes, the tube-nosed seabirds or petrels. All tube-noses have tubular nostrils, and all those in the family Procellariidae, the true petrels, have their nostrils united along the top of the bill. Procellariform birds have between seven and nine distinct horny plates for their bill, and in petrels one of these plates forms the hooked portion of their upper bill called the maxillary unguis. They produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defence against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[3] Finally, they also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of sea water that they imbibe. It excretes a concentrated saline solution from their nostrils.[4] EtymologyThe genus Macronectes comes from the Greek makros meaning "long" or "large" and nēktēs meaning "swimmer". The name "petrel" refers to the Biblical account of Saint Peter walking on water,.{{Bibleref2c|Matt.|14:28–31}} referring to the way these birds run on top of the water as they are getting airborne.[5] DescriptionMacronectes halli averages {{convert|90|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, with a range of {{convert|80|to|95|cm|in|abbr=on}}, possessing a wingspan of {{convert|150|to|210|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Size is somewhat variable and this species is broadly the same size as its southern sister species. The largest-bodied colony is in the South Georgia Islands, where 56 males averaged {{convert|4.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and 43 females average {{convert|3.72|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.[6] The smallest-bodied are on the Chatham Islands, where 19 males averaged {{convert|3.66|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and 21 females averaged {{convert|2.83|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.[7] Overall, weight for the species can range from {{convert|2.5|to|5.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.[6][7] Its plumage consists of grey-brown body with lighter coloured forehead, sides of face, and chin. Its bill is between {{convert|90|and(-)|110|mm|in|abbr=on}} long, slightly longer on average than the southern giant petrel, and is pinkish yellow with a brown tip. Its eyes are grey. The tarsus of the northern giant petrel is slightly longer on average than the southern species, but the southern has longer wings on average.[7] The juvenile Macronectes halli is entirely dark brown and lightens as it ages. It can be differentiated from Macronectes giganteus by the top of the bill, which on the southern species is green.[11]BehaviorFeedingThe northern giant petrel feeds mainly on carrion (dead penguins and pinnipeds), as well as fish, krill, squid, and other cephalopods. They will follow fishing boats and cruise ships, eating any discarded fish and waste from the ships. During the breeding season, males eat more carrion than females, with the females feeding on pelagic sources. They are extremely aggressive and will kill other seabirds (mostly penguin chicks, sick or injured adult penguins and the chicks of other seabirds), even those as large as an albatross.[8] BreedingBirds start breeding at an average age of ten years, and breed on islands in colonies, which they share with the southern giant petrel. They breed six weeks earlier than their counterparts.[8] Range and habitatM. halli is pelagic and is found throughout the Southern Ocean north of the Antarctic Convergence Zone, and north through Chile, Argentina, South Africa, and half of Australia. Over 4,500 pairs nest on islands in the South Georgia group. They also nest on some of the Chatham Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Crozet Islands, Macquarie Island and others. Their overall range is {{convert|82600000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.[8]Conservation
In a 2001 estimate, this species had between 17,000 and 21,000 mature birds. This number has been increasing over the last two decades, after being expected to decrease. The IUCN thus downgraded them from near threatened to least concern. Recent surveys have shown that most locations are increasing in numbers, except for the Crozet Islands. This is probably due to increases in fish waste, better control on longline fishing, and more carrion from fur seals.[8] Currently, this bird is listed on CMS Appendix II and ACAP Annex 1. Future plans are to maintain surveys and counting of individuals, research movement and migration, and continue lowering the bycatch deaths by current means and if needed newer measures through CCAMLR, CMS, and FAO.[8] Footnotes1. ^{{IUCN|id=22697859 |title=Macronectes halli |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^BirdLife International (2009a) 3. ^Double, M. C. (2003) 4. ^Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988) 5. ^Gotch, A. T. (1995) 6. ^1 CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), {{ISBN|978-1-4200-6444-5}}. 7. ^1 2 Carlos, C. J., & Voisin, J. F. (2008). Identifying giant petrels, Macronectes giganteus and M. halli, in the field and in the hand. Publishing Editor, 1. 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 BirdLife International (2009) References
External links{{Commons category|Macronectes halli}}
12 : Macronectes|Birds of Uruguay|Birds of Patagonia|Birds of Southern Africa|Birds of New South Wales|Birds of South Australia|Birds of Victoria (Australia)|Birds of Western Australia|Birds of Tasmania|Birds of New Zealand|Birds of subantarctic islands|Birds described in 1789 |
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