| 词条 | Northern Liang | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| native_name = 建康 (397–399), 涼 (399–401, 431–433), 張掖 (401–412), 河西 (412–431, 433–441, 442–460), 酒泉 (441–442) | conventional_long_name = Northern Liang (北涼) | common_name = Northern Liang | era = | status = Vassal | status_text = | empire = Later Qin, Jin Dynasty (265-420), Northern Wei, Liu Song | government_type = Monarchy | year_start = 397 | year_end = 460 | year_exile_start = 439 | year_exile_end = 460 | event_start = | date_start = | event_end = | date_end = | event1 = Li Gao's declaring independence as Western Liang | date_event1 = 400 | event2 = Juqu Mengxun's killing of Duan Ye | date_event2 = 401 | event3 = Juqu Mengxun's destruction of Western Liang | date_event3 = 421 | event4 = Fall of Guzang to Northern Wei (often viewed as date of Northern Liang's fall) | date_event4 = 18 October 439[1][2] | event_pre = | date_pre = | event_post = | date_post = | p1 = Former Liang | flag_p1 = | image_p1 = | p2 = Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) | flag_p2 = | p3 = Western Qin | flag_p3 = | p4 = | flag_p4 = | p5 = | flag_p5 = | s1 = Northern Wei | flag_s1 = | image_s1 = | s2 = Gaochang | flag_s2 = | s3 = | flag_s3 = | s4 = | flag_s4 = | s5 = | flag_s5 = | image_flag = | flag = | flag_type = | image_coat = | symbol = | symbol_type = | image_map = Asia_400ad.jpg | image_map_caption = Northern Liang and other Asian nations in 400 AD | image_map2 = Sixteen Kingdoms 423 AD.jpg | image_map2_caption =Northern Liang at its greatest extent in 423 AD | capital = Jiankang (397–398) Zhangye (398–412) Guzang (412–439) Jiuquan (440–441) Dunhuang (441–442) | capital_exile = Shanshan (442) Gaochang (442–460) | latd = |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= | national_motto = | national_anthem = | common_languages = | religion = | currency = | leader1 = Duan Ye | leader2 = Juqu Mengxun | leader3 = Juqu Mujian | leader4 = Juqu Wuhui | leader5 = Juqu Anzhou | year_leader1 = 397–401 | year_leader2 = 401–433 | year_leader3 = 433–439 | year_leader4 = 442–444 | year_leader5 = 444–460 | title_leader = Prince | representative1 = | representative2 = | representative3 = | representative4 = | year_representative1 = | year_representative2 = | year_representative3 = | year_representative4 = | title_representative = | deputy1 = | deputy2 = | deputy3 = | deputy4 = | year_deputy1 = | year_deputy2 = | year_deputy3 = | year_deputy4 = | title_deputy = | legislature = | house1 = | type_house1 = | house2 = | type_house2 = | stat_year1 = | stat_area1 = | stat_pop1 = | stat_year2 = | stat_area2 = | stat_pop2 = | stat_year3 = | stat_area3 = | stat_pop3 = | stat_year4 = | stat_area4 = | stat_pop4 = | stat_year5 = | stat_area5 = | stat_pop5 = | footnotes = }} The Northern Liang ({{zh|c=北涼|p=Bĕi Liáng}}; 397-439) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. It was founded by the Xiongnu Juqu family, although they initially supported the Han official Duan Ye as prince, they overthrew him in 401 and took over the state for themselves. All rulers of the Northern Liang proclaimed themselves "wang" (translatable as "prince" or "king"). Most Chinese historians view the Northern Liang as having ended in 439, when its capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu) fell to Northern Wei forces and its prince Juqu Mujian was captured. However, some view his brothers Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou, who subsequently settled with Northern Liang remnants in Gaochang (高昌, in modern Turpan Prefecture, Xinjiang), as a continuation of the Northern Liang, and thus view the Northern Liang as having ended in 460 when Gaochang fell to Rouran and was made a vassal. It was during the Northern Liang that the first Buddhist cave shrine sites appear in Gansu Province.[3] The two most famous cave sites are Tiantishan ("Celestial Ladder Mountain"), which was south of the Northern Liang capital at Yongcheng, and Wenshushan ("Manjusri's Mountain"), halfway between Yongcheng and Dunhuang. Maijishan lies more or less on a main route connecting China and Central Asia (approximately {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of modern Xi'an), just south of the Weihe (Wei River). It had the additional advantage of located not too distant from a main route that also ran N-S to Chengdu and the Indian subcontinent. In 439, remnants of the Northern Liang royal family fled to Gaochang to found a new kingdom, led by Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou where they would hold on to power until 460 when they were conquered by the Rouran.[4] The remnants of the Juqu family were slaughtered. Rulers of the Northern Liang
Rulers family tree{{chart top|collapsed=yes|width=37%|Northern Liang rulers family tree}}{{chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:105%;|summary=Northern Liang rulers family tree}}{{chart| | | | | Pl | Pl={{nowrap|Juqu Mengxun 沮渠蒙逊 368-433}}Wuxuan 武宣 r.401-433}}{{chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}{{chart| Mj | | Wh | | Az | Mj={{nowrap|Juqu Mujian 沮渠牧犍}} bef.420–d.447 Ai 哀 r. 433-439| Wh=Juqu Wuhui 沮渠無諱 d. 444; r. 442-444| Az=Juqu Anzhou {{nowrap|沮渠安周 d. 460; r. 444-460 }}}}{{chart/end}}{{chart bottom}} See also
Notes and references1. ^http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%ABe%A7%BA&king=%A4%E5%AB%D2&reign=%A4%B8%B9%C5&yy=16&ycanzi=&mm=9&dd=&dcanzi=%A4%FE%A6%A6 {{16 Kingdoms}}{{coord missing|China}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Northern Liang}}2. ^Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 123. 3. ^Michael Sullivan, The Cave-Temples of Maichishan. London: Faber and Faber, 1969. 4. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=gernet+china#v=snippet&q=kao-ch'ang%20northern%20liang%20family%20turfan%20kingdom&f=false|title=A history of Chinese civilization|author=Jacques Gernet|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=|isbn=0-521-49781-7|page=200|pages=|accessdate=17 May 2011}} 6 : Northern Liang|Former countries in Chinese history|397 establishments|4th-century establishments in China|5th-century disestablishments in China|460 disestablishments |
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