| 词条 | Northern shrike |
| 释义 |
| image = Northern Shrike, Arvada, Jefferson, Colorado.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =[1] | genus = Lanius | species = borealis | authority = Vieillot, 1808 | synonyms = | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = 6 sspp, see text | range_map = Lanius borealis map.svg }} The northern shrike (Lanius borealis) is a large songbird species in the shrike family (Laniidae) native to North America and Siberia. Long considered a subspecies of the great grey shrike, it was classified as a distinct species in 2017. Six subspecies are recognised. TaxonomyThe northern shrike was formally described by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in 1808 under its present binomial name Lanius borealis.[2][3] In the 19th century, North American ornithologists considered it as a separate species from the great grey shrike, while European authorities held them to be the same species. American ornithologist Alden H. Miller investigated differences between the Siberian and Alaskan populations in 1930 and could find no consistent differences, hence he recommended the sinking of the two into Lanius excubitor.[4] In North America, this and the related loggerhead shrike are commonly known as butcherbirds for their habit of impaling prey on thorns or spikes.[5] A folk name from Michigan is winter butcherbird.[5] The Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation people of Old Crow, Yukon call it Tzi kwut go katshi lyi.[6] A 2010 study of mitochondrial DNA found that the northern shrike was most closely related to the Iberian grey shrike (Lanius meridionalis), the steppe grey shrike (Lanius pallidirostris), and the two formed a clade along with the Chinese grey shrike and loggerhead shrike.[7] SubspeciesEast Eurasian group
Browner above than excubitor, distinct but delicate banding below. Some white on primary bases only.
Smaller and paler than sibiricus, banding below pale and indistinct. Some white on primary bases only.
Browner than sibiricus above, banding below well-developed. Little white on primary bases.
Large; quite dark and brownish, below bluish-grey with almost black banding. Little white on primary bases.North American group
Similar to excubitor, but darker with faint barring below. John James Audubon called this subspecies the great American shrike in his book Birds of America.
Larger and paler than borealis, paralleling homeyeri compared to excubitor. DescriptionThe loggerhead shrike can be distinguished from the northern shrike by its smaller size, darker grey plumage and larger black face mask that covers the eye completely. It also has a shorter bill with less prominent hook. Their calls are similar.[8] Distribution and habitatObservations of wintering habitats in Idaho suggest suitable wintering territories are in demand, as northern shrikes that died in a particular area were quickly replaced.[9] FeedingNorthern shrikes often sit on tall poles and branches surveying for food. They prey on arthropods such as spiders, beetles, bugs, and grasshoppers, and small vertebrates. Prey identified include passerine birds such as horned lark, black-capped chickadee, common starling, brewer's sparrow, white-crowned sparrow, dark-eyed junco, pine siskin, house sparrow, small mammals such as the vagrant shrew, western harvest mouse, deer mouse, long-tailed vole, meadow vole and house mouse, and reptiles such as spiny lizards. They have been observed hunting finches and house sparrows at bird feeders.[10] References1. ^{{Cite journal | author = BirdLife International | title = Lanius borealis | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2017 | page = e.T103718956A118775235 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2017 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103718956/118775235 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103718956A118775235.en | access-date = 10 December 2018}} 2. ^{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Greenway | editor2-first=James C. Jr | year=1960 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=Volume 9 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=335 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481030 }} 3. ^{{ cite book | last=Vieillot | first=Louis Jean Pierre | author-link=Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot | year=1808 | title=Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale | volume=Volume 1 | language=French | place=Paris | publisher=Desray | page=80, plate 50 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47004229 }} 4. ^{{cite journal | title=The status of Lanius borealis as a species | first=Alden H. | last=Miller | journal=Condor |volume=32 | pages=163–64 | year=1930 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v032n03/p0163-p0164.pdf |doi=10.2307/1363449 }} 5. ^{{cite journal | title=Bird names connected with weather, seasons, and hours |first=W. L. |last=McAtee | journal=American Speech |volume= 26|issue= 4 |year= 1951|pages= 268–278 | doi=10.2307/453005}} 6. ^{{cite journal | title=Naming of birds as part of the intellectual culture of Indians at Old Crow, Yukon Territory |last=Irving |first= Laurence | journal=Arctic | volume=11 |issue= 2 |year=1958|pages= 117–122 | doi=10.14430/arctic3738}} 7. ^{{cite journal | last=Olsson| first= Urban| first2= Per | last2=Alström| first3=Lars | last3=Svensson| first4=Mansour | last4=Aliabadian | first5= Per | last5=Sundberg |title=The Lanius excubitor (Aves, Passeriformes) conundrum—Taxonomic dilemma when molecular and non-molecular data tell different stories |journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=55|issue= 2|year=2010|pages= 347–357|url=http://birdingfrontiers.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/The-Lanius-excubitor-Aves-Passeriformes-conundrum.pdf | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.010}} 8. ^{{cite book | title=National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America | first=Jon Lloyd |last=Dunn|first2= Jonathan K.|last2= Alderfer |publisher= National Geographic Books| year= 2006 | page= 312 | isbn = 9780792253143 | url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gA-rfkTZi1YC&pg=PA312 }} 9. ^{{cite journal | last=Atkinson |first=Eric C. |year=1993 |title= Winter territories and night roosts of Northern Shrikes in Idaho |journal= Condor|volume= 95| issue=3| pages= 528–35 | url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v095n03/p0515-p0527.pdf | doi=10.2307/1369595}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal | last=Atkinson |first=Eric C. | last2=Cade | first2=Tom J. |year=1993 |title= Winter foraging and diet composition of Northern Shrikes in Idaho |journal= Condor|volume= 95| issue=3| pages= 528–35 | url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v095n03/p0528-p0535.pdf | doi=10.2307/1369596}} External links
5 : Lanius|Shrikes|Birds of North America|Birds of North Asia|Birds described in 1808 |
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