| 词条 | North Fork Toutle River |
| 释义 |
| name = North Fork Toutle River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = USACE sediment retention structure Toutle River.jpg | image_caption = Sediment retention dam | map = | map_size = 300 | map_caption = | pushpin_map = USA Washington | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption= Location of the mouth of North Fork Toutle River in Washington | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = Washington | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = County | subdivision_name4 = Skamania, Cowlitz | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|39|mi|km|abbr=on}}[1] | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = Spirit Lake (before 1980) | source1_location = Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Skamania County | source1_coordinates= {{coord|46|15|54|N|122|09|39|W|display=inline}}[2] | source1_elevation = {{convert|3449|ft|abbr=on}}[3] | mouth = Toutle River | mouth_location = near Toutle, Cowlitz County | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|46|19|40|N|122|43|00|W|display=inline,title}}[2] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|443|ft|abbr=on}}[2] | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|302|sqmi|abbr=on}}[1] | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} The North Fork Toutle River is a tributary of the Toutle River in southwestern Washington in the United States. The river has its headwaters near Spirit Lake, on the north side of Mount St. Helens, and flows {{convert|39|mi|km}} to the Toutle River,[1] about {{convert|17|mi|km}} upstream of its confluence with the Cowlitz River.[4] The largest tributary is the Green River, which joins near the unincorporated town of Toutle. The North Fork's watershed was severely affected by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, which coated the valley with ash and filled it with successive mudflows. The result of the eruption was that many hillsides were stripped of forest, and as a result erosion has increased dramatically and the North Fork is now extremely laden with sediment. Previously, Spirit Lake was the source of the river, but eruptions blocked the outlet and Spirit Lake no longer drains directly into the North Fork; instead, a tunnel was excavated in 1985 to connect the lake with South Coldwater Creek, a tributary of the North Fork. Once a mature river, the North Fork has transformed into a braided stream of relatively young origin, and its valley floor is less than three decades old. The Toutle River Sediment Retention Structure was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on the river in 1989 to prevent this sediment from traveling downstream and clogging the shipping channel of the Columbia River. The upper part of the North Fork Toutle River watershed was redirected to the crater of Mount St. Helens itself until 1982. The river's headstreams begin on a volcanic ash deposit roughly {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} long and {{convert|200|ft|m}} deep, which is the source of much of the excess sediment. See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Summary of Drainage Basin and Channel Characteristics Toutle River System, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1980–1985 Water Years|url=http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/Hydrology/Drainages/Toutle/summary_basin_characteristics.html|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=June 10, 2008|accessdate=January 27, 2013}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web | work = Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) | publisher = United States Geological Survey | date = September 10, 1979 | url ={{Gnis3|1523869}} | title = North Fork Toutle River|accessdate=January 27, 2013}} 3. ^Source elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source coordinates. 4. ^{{cite web|author=United States Geological Survey|title=United States Topographic Map|publisher=TopoQuest|url=http://www.topoquest.com/map.php?lat=46.327778&lon=-122.716667&datum=nad83&zoom=4|accessdate=January 27, 2013}} River miles are marked and numbered on the relevant map quadrangles. External links
6 : Rivers of Washington (state)|Braided rivers|Rivers of Cowlitz County, Washington|Rivers of Skamania County, Washington|Mount St. Helens|Gifford Pinchot National Forest |
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