词条 | North River (Hudson River) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
North River is an alternative name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The colonial name for the entire Hudson was given to it by the Dutch in the early seventeenth century; the term fell out of general use for most of the river's 300+ mile course during the early 1900s.[7] However it still retains currency as an alternate or additional name among local mariners and others[8][9][10] as well as appearing on some nautical charts[11] and maps. The term is used for infrastructure on and under the river, such as the North River piers, North River Tunnels, and the North River Wastewater Treatment Plant. At different times "North River" has referred to
Its history is strongly connected to shipping industry in the Port of New York and New Jersey, which shifted primarily to Port Newark in the mid-20th century due to the construction of the Holland Tunnel and other river crossings and the advent of containerization.[13] The names for the lower portion of the river appear to have remained interchangeable for centuries. In 1909, two tunnels were under construction: one was called the North River Tunnels, the other, the Hudson Tubes. That year the Hudson–Fulton Celebration was held, commemorating Henry Hudson, the first European to record navigating the river, and Robert Fulton, the first man to use a paddle steamer in America, named the North River Steamboat, to sail up it, leading to controversy over what the waterway should be called.[14][15][16] Much of the shoreline previously used for maritime, rail, and industrial activities has given way to recreational promenades and piers. On the Hudson Waterfront in New Jersey, the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway runs for about 18 miles. In Manhattan, the Hudson River Park runs from Battery Park to 59th Street. Origin of the name and early usageThe origin of the name North River is generally attributed to the Dutch.[17] In describing the major rivers in the New Netherland colony, they called what is now the Hudson the North River, the Connecticut the Fresh River, and the Delaware the South River.[18] Another theory is that the "North" River and "East" River were so named for the direction of travel they permitted once having entered the Upper New York Bay.[19] In 1808 the Secretary of the Treasury, Albert Gallatin, issued his report of proposed locations for transportation and communication internal improvements of national importance. The North River figures prominently among his proposals as the best route toward western and northern lands; similar routes were chosen for the Erie Canal and other early canals built by the state of New York. He notes the following in reference to the North and Hudson Rivers:[20] {{quote|What is called the North River is a narrow and long bay, which in its northwardly course from the harbor of New York breaks through or turns all the mountains, affording a tide navigation for vessels of eighty tons to Albany and Troy, one hundred and sixty miles above New York. This peculiarity distinguishes the North River from all the other bays and rivers of the United States. The tide in no other ascends higher than the granite ridge or comes within thirty miles of the Blue Ridge or eastern chain of mountains. In the North River it breaks through the Blue Ridge at West Point and ascends above the eastern termination of the Catskill or great western chain.A few miles above Troy, and the head of the tide, the Hudson from the north and the Mohawk from the west unite their waters and form the North River. The Hudson in its course upwards approaches the waters of Lake Champlain, and the Mohawk those of Lake Ontario.}} "North River" on mapsHagstrom Maps, formerly the leading mapmaker in the New York metropolitan area, has labeled all or part of the Hudson adjacent to Manhattan as "North River" on several of its maps. For instance, on a 1997 Hagstrom Map of Manhattan, the stretch of river between Hudson County, New Jersey and Lower Manhattan (roughly corresponding to the location of the North River piers) was labeled "North River", with the label "Hudson River" used above Midtown Manhattan. On a 2000 map of "Northern Approaches to New York City" (part of Hagstrom's New York [State] Road Map), the entire river adjacent to Manhattan was labeled "Hudson River (North River)", with just "Hudson River" (no parenthetical) appearing further north at Tappan Zee. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's current charts call the lower river the "Hudson",[21] and the United States Geological Survey lists "North River" as an alternative name of the Hudson River without qualifying it as any particular portion of the river.[22] North River piersPiers along the Hudson shore of Manhattan were formerly used for shipping and berthing ocean-going ships.[23] In shipping notices, they were designated as, for example, "Pier 14, North River". As with the river, the name "North River piers" has largely been supplanted by "Hudson River piers", or just by a pier and number, e.g., "Pier 54". Piers above Pier 40 have addresses approximately that of Manhattan's numbered streets plus 40 – thus, for example, North River Pier 86 is at West 46th Street. Most of the piers that once existed in lower Manhattan fell into disuse or were destroyed in the last half of the 20th century. The remaining piers are Pier A at the Battery and piers ranging from Pier 25 at North Moore Street to Pier 99 at 59th Street. Many of these piers and the waterfront between them are part of the Hudson River Park which stretches from 59th Street to the Battery. The park, a joint project between New York City and New York State commenced in 1998, consists of several non-contiguous parcels of land and piers totaling {{convert|125|acre|km2}}, plus another {{convert|400|acre|km2}} of the river itself.[24] Several piers were rebuilt for adaptive re-use as part of the park project, with approximately 70% of the planned work complete by 2011.[25] Historical and current use
Railroads and ferriesPrior to the opening of the North River Tunnels and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tubes in the early 1900s,[40] passengers and freight were required to cross the river for travel to points east. This led to an extensive network of intermodal terminals, railyards, ferry slips, docks, barges, and carfloats. The west shore of the river from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century was home to expansive facilities operated by competing railroads.[41] Most are now gone, allowing for public access to the waterfront at piers, parks, promenades and marinas along the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway. New ferry slips and terminals exclusively for pedestrian use have been built.
Fixed crossings
The last crossing to be built was the south tube of the Lincoln Tunnel in 1957, but in 1962, another deck was added to the George Washington Bridge.[42] Since 2003, various proposals have been made to add a new train line. This includes an extension of the nearly-completed 7 Subway Extension, the canceled Access to the Region's Core, and the proposed Gateway Project. See also{{Portal|New York City|New Jersey}}
References1. ^The Random House Dictionary (2009) ("Part of the Hudson River between NE New Jersey and SE New York.") 2. ^The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,'Fourth Edition (2006) ("An estuary of the Hudson River between New Jersey and New York City flowing into Upper New York Bay.") 3. ^Webster's New World College Dictionary (2005) ("The lower course of the Hudson River, between New York City & NE N.J.") 4. ^The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2009) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513162936/http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/north%20river |date=May 13, 2011 }} ("An estuary of Hudson River between SE New York & NE New Jersey" ) 5. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=GH4AAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA63 Joint Report With Comprehensive Plan and Recommendations] New York, New Jersey Port and Harbor Development Commission (1926) 6. ^{{Cite news |last=McCarten |first=John |coauthors= |title=Harbor Display |newspaper=The New Yorker |location= |pages= |language= |publisher= |date=July 4, 1959 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1959/07/04/1959_07_04_018_TNY_CARDS_000259801 |accessdate=January 27, 2011}} 7. ^Steinhauer, Jennifer.[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2DF1538F936A25756C0A962958260 "F.Y.I"],The New York Times, May 15, 1994. Accessed January 17, 2008. "The North River was the colonial name for the entire Hudson River, just as the Delaware was known as the South River. These names went out of use sometime early in the century, said Norman Brouwer, a historian at the South Street Seaport Museum." 8. ^North River Historic Ship Society {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728183843/http://www.nrhss.org/historicvessels.htm |date=July 28, 2009 }} 9. ^The Great North River Tugboat Race and Competition {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201224611/http://www.tugrace-ny.org/ |date=December 1, 2008 }} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.northriversquadron.org/ |title=North River Sail & Power Squadron (NRSPS) |website=www.northriversquadron.org |accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.surfline.com/surf-news/lopez-doerner-malloy-and-friends-brave-the-hudson-to-raise-autism-awareness-sea-paddle-nyc_17842// |title=Lopez, Doerner, Malloy and friends brave the Hudson to raise autism awareness, SEA PADDLE NYC - SURFLINE.COM |website=www.surfline.com |accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 12. ^{{Citation |last=Baxter |first=Raymond J. |last2=Adams |first2=Arthur G. |title=Railroad Ferries of the Hudson: And Stories of a Deckhand |publisher=Fordham University Press |year=1999 |page=5 |isbn=9780823219544 |url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=WaDY5i7D-3gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Railroad+Ferries+of+the+Hudson:+And+Stories+of+a+Deckhand+North+River&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSytbIobHWAhVRmbQKHauUAg4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Railroad%20Ferries%20of%20the%20Hudson%3A%20And%20Stories%20of%20a%20Deckhand%20North%20River&f=false |quote=}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yE1Pyui4GpkC&pg=PA46 |title=City in the Sky: The Rise and Fall of the World Trade Center |first1=James |last1=Glanz |first2=Eric |last2=Lipton |date=November 12, 2003 |publisher=Macmillan |accessdate=March 3, 2018 |via=Google Books}} 14. ^{{Citation |last=Pettengill |first=G. T.| author-link = |last2= |first2=| author2-link = |title=Hudson, Not North River |newspaper=The New York Times |pages= |year= |date=March 2, 1908 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/03/02/105003482.pdf |accessdate=January 25, 2011}} 15. ^{{Citation |last=Cox |first=Edwin M.| author-link = |last2= |first2=| author2-link = |title=Hudson or North River |newspaper=The New York Times |pages= |year= |date=October 6, 1909 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/10/06/101747554.pdf |accessdate=January 25, 2011}} 16. ^{{Citation |last= |first=| author-link = |last2= |first2=| author2-link = |title=Hudson and not North River |magazine=The New York Times |pages= |year= |date=September 26, 1909 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/09/26/110035807.pdf |accessdate=January 25, 2011}} 17. ^{{cite web |title=The North River in New Netherland |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/10084 |publisher=World Digital Library |accessdate=February 15, 2013}} 18. ^Roberts, Sam. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/24/nyregion/thecity/24read.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "Brooklyn Murders, Depression Love, a Glamorous Librarian"], The New York Times, June 24, 2007. Accessed January 6, 2008. "You may even be directed to the sewage treatment plant in West Harlem, practically the last vestige of the name that, legend has it, the Dutch bestowed on the tidal estuary navigated by Henry Hudson to distinguish it from the South River, now known as the Delaware." 19. ^Dougherty, Steve. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9805E1DE163AF932A05756C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "MY MANHATTAN; Away From the Uproar, Before a Strong Wind"], The New York Times, May 31, 2002. Accessed January 17, 2008. "'Because it's the river you sail to go north,' Captain Freitas explained. 'To sail east, to Long Island Sound, you would take the East River.'" 20. ^Portions of the Gallatin Report, 1808, Included in the Preliminary Report of the Inland Waterways Commission, 1908 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/12335.shtml |title=Chart 12335 |website=www.charts.noaa.gov |accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 22. ^GNIS Detail - Hudson River 23. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1976/04/05/pier-1 |title=Pier 1 |date=March 29, 1976 |publisher= |accessdate=March 3, 2018 |via=www.newyorker.com}} 24. ^{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EFDA123CF932A35755C0A9669C8B63&pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |title=Hudson River Park On Restored Piers Approved By U.S |first=Barbara |last=Stewart |date=June 1, 2000 |accessdate=May 20, 2010}} 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hudsonriverpark.org/vision-and-progress/planning-and-construction |title=Planning & Construction - Hudson River Park |publisher= |accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hudsonriverpark.org/explore-the-park/locations/pier-25 |title=Pier 25 - Hudson River Park |publisher= |accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 27. ^{{Cite news|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/4/26/17285918/pier-26-tribeca-hudson-river-park-renderings|title=New looks at Pier 26's eco-friendly makeover, commencing this summer|work=Curbed NY|access-date=2018-04-30}} 28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hudsonriverpark.org/explore/playgroundscw.html |title=Chelsea Waterside Play Area - Hudson River Park |publisher= |accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://marine1fdny.com/history_new.php |title=MARINE 1 F.D.N.Y. |website=marine1fdny.com |accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID-Hudson.htm |title=New York Architecture Images- Hell's Kitchen History |website=www.nyc-architecture.com |accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 31. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/hudson-river-park-gets-100-million-launch-1416200520 |title=Hudson River Park Gets $100 Million Launch |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=November 17, 2014 |accessdate=November 17, 2014 |author=West, Melanie G.}} 32. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://gothamist.com/2014/11/17/hudson_river_park.php |title=Here's The Spectacular $165 Million Park Planned For The Hudson River |work=Gothamist |date=November 17, 2014 |accessdate=November 17, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120033845/http://gothamist.com/2014/11/17/hudson_river_park.php |archivedate=November 20, 2014 |df=}} 33. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/17/nyregion/with-bold-park-plan-mogul-hopes-to-leave-mark-on-citys-west-side.html?_r=0 |title=With Bold Park Plan, Mogul Hopes to Leave Mark on New York's West Side |work=The New York Times |date=November 17, 2014 |accessdate=November 17, 2014}} 34. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/13/nyregion/diller-hudson-river-pier.html |title=Billionaire Diller's Plan for Elaborate Pier in the Hudson is Dead |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 13, 2017 |work=The New York Times|access-date=September 19, 2017 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} 35. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/25/nyregion/diller-island-revived-cuomo.html |title='Diller Island' Is Back From the Dead |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=October 25, 2017 |work=The New York Times|access-date=October 31, 2017 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} 36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/services/vehicles-property/towed-vehicles-towpound.page |title=Towed Vehicles - NYPD |website=www1.nyc.gov |accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nywaterway.com/ContactUsDirections.aspx |title=Directions |website=www.nywaterway.com |accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hudsonriverpark.org/explore/playgroundspier84.html |title=Pier 84 Play Area - Hudson River Park |publisher= |accessdate=March 3, 2018}} 39. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/13/nyregion/13piers.html |title=The City Hopes to Double the Size of Manhattan's No. 2 Convention Center, in the West 50s |last=Fried |first=Joseph P. |date=August 13, 2009 |work=New York Times |accessdate=January 30, 2009}} 40. ^[https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=9407E0DF1638E333A25755C2A9679D946196D6CF Open Pennsylvania Station To-night], The New York Times November 26, 1910 page 5 41. ^{{Cite news |title=GREAT RAILROADS AT WAR Fighting to Secure Lands on Jersey Shore |newspaper=New York Times |date=December 15, 1889 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1889/12/15/100981361.pdf |accessdate=November 16, 2010}} 42. ^{{Citation |last=PANYNJ |first=| author-link = |last2= |first2=| author2-link = |title=History Across the Hudson |newspaper=The Star Ledger |pages= |year= |date= |url=http://media.nj.com/ledgerupdates_impact/photo/hudson-river-tunnel-historyjpg-41ba3e9d7448b3e1.jpg |accessdate=March 15, 2011 |quote= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714184902/http://media.nj.com/ledgerupdates_impact/photo/hudson-river-tunnel-historyjpg-41ba3e9d7448b3e1.jpg |archivedate=July 14, 2011 |df=}} Further reading
10 : Rivers of New Jersey|Rivers of New York (state)|Hudson River|Rivers of Manhattan|Rivers of Hudson County, New Jersey|Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in the United States|Port of New York and New Jersey|Piers in New York City|Borders of New Jersey|Borders of New York (state) |
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