| 词条 | Northrop M2-F3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Northrop M2-F3 was a heavyweight lifting body rebuilt from the Northrop M2-F2 after it crashed at the Dryden Flight Research Center in 1967. It was modified with an additional third vertical fin - centered between the tip fins - to improve control characteristics. The "M" refers to "manned" and "F" refers to "flight" version. DevelopmentEarly flight testing of the M2-F1 and M2-F2 lifting body reentry configurations had validated the concept of piloted lifting body reentry from space. When the M2-F2 crashed on May 10, 1967, valuable information had already been obtained and was contributing to new designs. NASA pilots said the M2-F2 had lateral control problems, so when the M2-F2 was rebuilt at Northrop and redesignated the M2-F3, it was modified with an additional third vertical fin - centered between the tip fins - to improve control characteristics. After a three-year-long redesign and rebuilding effort, the M2-F3 was ready to fly. The May 1967 crash of the M2-F2 had torn off the left fin and landing gear. It had also damaged the external skin and internal structure. Flight Research Center engineers worked with Ames Research Center and the Air Force in redesigning the vehicle with a center fin to provide greater stability. At first, it seemed that the vehicle had been irreparably damaged, but the original manufacturer, Northrop, did the repair work and returned the redesigned M2-F3 with a center fin for stability to the FRC. While the M2-F3 was still demanding to fly, the center fin eliminated the high risk of pilot induced oscillation (PIO) that was characteristic of the M2-F2. Operational historyFirst flight of the M2-F3, with NASA pilot Bill Dana at the controls, was June 2, 1970. The modified vehicle exhibited much better lateral stability and control characteristics than before, and only three glide flights were necessary before the first powered flight on November 25, 1970. The 100th flight of the heavy-weight lifting bodies was completed on October 5, 1972, with pilot Bill Dana soaring to an altitude of 66,300 feet (20,200 m) and a Mach number of 1.370 (about 904 miles per hour) in the M2-F3. Over its 27 missions, the M2-F3 reached a top speed of 1,064 mph (Mach 1.6). Highest altitude reached by the vehicle was 71,500 feet (20,790 m) on December 20, 1972, the date of its last flight, with NASA pilot John Manke at the controls. A reaction control thruster (RCT) system, similar to that on orbiting spacecraft, was also installed to obtain research data about their effectiveness for vehicle control. As the M2-F3's portion of the lifting body program neared an end, it evaluated a rate command augmentation control system, and a side-arm control stick similar to side-arm controllers now used on many modern aircraft. NASA donated the M2-F3 vehicle to the Smithsonian Institution in December 1973. It is currently hanging in the National Air and Space Museum along with the X-15 aircraft number 1, which was its hangar partner at Dryden from 1965 to 1969.
Aircraft serial number
M2-F3 flights
Specifications (M2-F3){{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?= plane |jet or prop?= jet |ref= |crew=one, pilot |capacity= |length main=22 ft 2 in |length alt=6.75 m |span main=9 ft 8 in |span alt=2.94 m |height main=9 ft 6 in |height alt=2.89 m |area main=160 ft² |area alt=14.9 m² |airfoil= |empty weight main=5,071 lb |empty weight alt=2,300 kg |loaded weight main=6,000 lb |loaded weight alt=2,721 kg |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main=7,937 lb |max takeoff weight alt=3,600 kg |more general= |engine (jet)=Reaction Motors XLR-11 |type of jet=four-chamber rocket engine |number of jets=1 |thrust main=8,000 lbf |thrust alt=36 kN |thrust original= |afterburning thrust main= |afterburning thrust alt= |max speed main=925 knots |max speed alt=1,065 mph, 1,712 km/h |cruise speed main= |cruise speed alt= |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |range main=39 nm |range alt=45 mi, 72 km |ceiling main=71,500 ft |ceiling alt=21,793 m |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |loading main=49 lb/ft² |loading alt=242 kg/m² |thrust/weight=1.3 |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |more performance= |armament= |avionics= }} See alsoComparable aircraft:
External links{{Commons category|Northrop M2-F3}}
6 : Lifting bodies|Parasite aircraft|United States experimental aircraft 1970–1979|Gliding in the United States|Rocket-powered aircraft|Northrop aircraft |
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