| 词条 | Northrop N-1M | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Northrop N-1M, also known by the nickname "Jeep",[1] was an American experimental aircraft used in the development of the flying wing concept by Northrop Aircraft during the 1940s. Design and developmentJack Northrop became involved with all-wing aircraft designs in the late-1920s, with his first Flying Wing being built in the 1928–1930 time period. That first prototype, the 1929 Flying Wing X-216H, evolved from earlier design studies. The X-216H had twin rudders with a single horizontal stabilizer running between them; both rudders were connected by twin booms to the thick, all-wing blended fuselage. The aircraft had an open cockpit in the center wing section and single, rear-facing, pusher propeller connected to a piston engine blended into the all-wing shape. The X-216H was first test flown in 1929 with Edward Bellande at the controls;[2] the aircraft displayed adequate performance and was noted for its unique all-metal stressed skin and multi-cellular construction. At about this same time, Jack Northrop became aware of Walter and Reimar Horten's prewar record-setting "tailless" flying wing glider designs being tested in Germany beginning in 1934.[3]The N-1M was one of a progression of experimental aircraft that further developed Northrop's all-wing concept. The aircraft was produced in the United States and was developed during 1939 and 1940 as a flying testbed for the purpose of proving Jack Northrop's vision of a practical Flying Wing. Built mostly of specially laminated layers of glued wood, the design of both wooden wings allowed for easy configuration changes with the central blended fuselage, which was made of tubular steel. The aircraft first flew on 3 July 1941 at Baker Dry Lake in California.[4]{{#tag:ref|Heavily illustrated, authoritative N-1M article.|group=N}} Operational historyNorthrop's Chief Test Pilot Vance Breese flew the N-1M on its maiden flight, unexpectedly bouncing into the air during a planned high-speed taxi run. He reported that the aircraft could fly no higher than five feet. Flight could only be sustained by maintaining a precise angle of attack, but Theodore von Kármán solved the problem by making adjustments to the trailing edges of the elevons. Control of the aircraft was achieved through the use of a system of elevons and wingtip rudders. The elevons served in tailless type aircraft both as elevators and ailerons, while split flaps on the downward angled wingtips took the place of a conventional rudder; they were later straightened after that angle proved unnecessary during flight testing.[5] The flight test program continued with Moye W. Stephens, Northrop Test Pilot and Secretary to the Northrop Corporation, serving as a test pilot. Early tests showed the N-1M to be satisfactory in stability and control, but overweight and underpowered. The aircraft's two {{convert|65|hp|adj=on||}} Lycoming O-145 four-cylinder engines (buried in the wing to reduce drag) were replaced by two {{convert|120|hp|adj=on||}} six-cylinder 6AC264F2 air-cooled Franklin engines. By November 1941, after 28 flights, Stephens reported that when attempting to move the N-1M about its vertical axis, the aircraft had a tendency to "Dutch roll." The oscillations proved to be manageable when adjustments were made to the aircraft's wing configuration.[5] The N-1M proved to be basically sound, paving the way for Northrop's later and much larger Northrop YB-35 and YB-49 aircraft. The aircraft was donated to the United States Army Air Forces in 1945 and was placed in the storage collection of the National Air Museum the following year. It sat there for nearly three decades, but was brought back to static, non-flying status, in its final flight configuration, after several years of restoration during the 1980s. The N-1M is now on public display at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.[5] Specifications (N-1M){{Aircraft specs|ref=American X&Y Planes[5] |prime units?=imp |crew=one |capacity= |length m= |length ft=17 |length in=11 |length note= |span m= |span ft=38 |span in=8 |span note= |height m= |height ft=4 |height in=11 |height note= |wing area sqm= |wing area sqft=350 |wing area note=(approx) |aspect ratio= |airfoil= |empty weight kg= |empty weight lb= |empty weight note= |gross weight kg= |gross weight lb=3,900 |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight kg= |max takeoff weight lb= |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity= |more general= |eng1 number=2 |eng1 name=Lycoming O-145 |eng1 type=four-cylinder horizontally opposed air-cooled piston engines |eng1 kw= |eng1 hp=65 |eng1 note= (original engines) |power original= |eng2 number=2 |eng2 name=Franklin 6AC-264F2 |eng2 type=six-cylinder air-cooled horizontally opposed piston engines |eng2 kw= |eng2 hp=117 |eng2 note=(after reengining) [6] |more power= |prop blade number= |prop name= |prop dia m= |prop dia ft= |prop dia in= |prop note= |max speed kmh= |max speed mph=200 |max speed kts= |max speed note= |cruise speed kmh= |cruise speed mph= |cruise speed kts= |cruise speed note= |stall speed kmh= |stall speed mph= |stall speed kts= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed kmh= |never exceed speed mph= |never exceed speed kts= |never exceed speed note= |minimum control speed kmh= |minimum control speed mph= |minimum control speed kts= |minimum control speed note= |range km= |range miles=300 |range nmi= |range note= |combat range km= |combat range miles= |combat range nmi= |combat range note= |ferry range km= |ferry range miles= |ferry range nmi= |ferry range note= |endurance= |ceiling m= |ceiling ft=4,000 |ceiling note= |g limits= |roll rate= |glide ratio= |climb rate ms= |climb rate ftmin= |climb rate note= |time to altitude= |lift to drag= |wing loading kg/m2= |wing loading lb/sqft= |wing loading note= |power/mass= |more performance= |avionics= }} See also{{Aircontent||related=
|similar aircraft= |sequence= |lists= |see also= }} ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite web|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/northrop-n1m|title=Northrop N1M|work=National Air and Space Museum|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=2017-11-27}} 2. ^Maloney 1988, p. 1. 3. ^Coleman 1988, p. 84. 4. ^O'Leary 2007 5. ^1 2 3 Darling 2009 {{Page needed|date=December 2011}} 6. ^"Northrop N1M." Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: 15 December 2011. Citations{{Reflist}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
External links{{commons category|Northrop N-1M}}
6 : Flying wings|United States experimental aircraft 1940–1949|Northrop aircraft|Individual aircraft in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution|Twin-engined pusher aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1940 |
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