请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Norwegians
释义

  1. History

  2. Geographic distribution

     Viking Age   Netherlands    North America    United States   Canada  Australia  Russia  Other 

  3. Genetics

  4. Language

  5. Culture

      Cuisine    Music    Celebrations   Religion 

  6. Other terms used

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{pp-sock|small=yes}}{{Multiple issues|{{cleanup rewrite|date=April 2015}}{{refimprove|date=April 2015}}
}}{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group=Norwegians
Nordmenn
|image = File:Flag of Norway.svg
|caption =
|population={{circa}} 10 million{{smallsup|a}}
|popplace={{flagcountry|Norway}} 4,548,958[1]
|region1 ={{flagcountry|United States}}
|pop1 = 4,642,526[2]
|region2 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
|pop2 = 465,441[3]
|region3 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
|pop3 = 452,705[4]
|region4 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}{{Ref label|aaa|a}}{{Ref label|bbb|b}}

also {{flagcountry|Shetland}} and {{flagcountry|Orkney}}


|pop4 =13,798[5]

42,000


|region5 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}}
|pop5 = 48,385[6]
|region6 ={{flagcountry|Australia}}{{Ref label|ccc|c}}
|pop6 = 25,700[7]
|region7 = {{flagcountry|Denmark}}
|pop7 =16,320[8]
|region8 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}
|pop8 =6,398[9]
|region9 = {{flagcountry|Finland}}
|pop9 =2,156[10]
|region10 = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
|pop10 =1,400[11]
|langs=Norwegian

Closely related (mutually intelligible) languages include Danish and Swedish. Other related languages include Faroese and Icelandic, and to a lesser extent all Germanic languages.

Norwegian Americans: Historically Norwegian, but later English because of Americanization.


|rels=Lutheranism (Church of Norway)[12] Historically Norse paganism and Catholic Christianity.
| related=Faroese, Icelanders, Swedes, Danes, Orcadians, Shetlanders, Manx, Normans, Scots, Irish, Dutch, Germans, English
Other Germanic ethnic groups
| footnotes =

a. {{note|aaa}} Based on table of given countries above. Includes those of partial Norwegian ancestry but does not include people of Faroese, Icelandic, Orcadian or Shetlandic ancestry.

b. {{note|bbb}} Note that there are millions of Britons of Scandinavian ancestry and ethnicity, though mixed with others.

c. {{note|ccc}} 2,700 were born in Norway; 23,000 claim Norwegian ancestry or partial Norwegian ancestry.


|}}{{Norwegian-people}}

Norwegians ({{lang-no|nordmenn}}) are a North Germanic ethnic group native to Norway.[13][14][15][16][17][18] They share a common culture and speak the Norwegian language. Norwegian people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Mexico, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and South Africa.

History

{{Main article|Germanic peoples|History of Norway|History of Scandinavia}}

Towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, Proto-Indo-European speaking Battle-Axe peoples migrated to Norway bringing domesticated horses, agriculture, cattle and wheel technology to the region.

During the Viking age, Harald Fairhair unified the Norse petty kingdoms after being victorious at the Battle of Hafrsfjord in the 880s. Two centuries of Viking expansion tapered off following the decline of Norse paganism with the adoption of Christianity in the 11th century. During The Black Death, approximately 60% of the population died and in 1397 Norway entered a union with Denmark.

In 1814, following Denmark-Norway's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, Norway entered a union with Sweden and adopted a new constitution. Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. Although Norway remained officially neutral in World War I, the country was unofficially allied with the Entente powers. In World War II Norway proclaimed its neutrality, but was nonetheless occupied for five years by Nazi Germany (1940–45). In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes but in referendums held in 1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the EU. Key domestic issues include integration of a fast growing immigrant population, maintaining the country's generous social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness.[19]

Geographic distribution

{{Main article|Norwegian diaspora}}

As with many of the people from European countries, Norwegians are spread throughout the world. There are more than 100,000 Norwegian citizens living abroad permanently, mostly in the U.S., U.K., and other Scandinavian countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

Viking Age

{{Main article|Viking Age|Norsemen|Vikings|Viking expansion|Norse colonization of the Americas}}

Norwegian or Norse Vikings[20] travelled north and west and founded vibrant communities in the Faroe Islands, Shetland, Orkney, Iceland, Ireland, Scotland, and northern England.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} They conducted extensive raids in Ireland and founded the cities of Cork, Dublin, and Limerick.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} In 947, a new wave of Norwegian Vikings appeared in England when Erik Bloodaxe captured York. In the 8th century and onwards, Norwegian- and Danish Vikings also settled in Normandy, most famously those led by Rollo, and thus began the tradition of the Normans (also meaning 'men from the north'), who expanded to England, Sicily, and other Mediterranean islands.

Apart from Britain and Ireland, Norwegian Vikings established settlements in largely uninhabited regions.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} The first known permanent Norwegian settler in Iceland was Ingólfur Arnarson. In the year 874 he settled in Reykjavík.

After his expulsion from Iceland Erik the Red discovered Greenland, a name he chose in hope of attracting Icelandic settlers.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} Viking settlements were established in the sheltered fjords of the southern and western coast.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} Erik's relative Leif Eriksson later discovered North America.

Netherlands

During the 17th and 18th centuries, many Norwegians emigrated to the Netherlands, particularly Amsterdam.[21] The Netherlands was the second most popular destination for Norwegian emigrants after Denmark.[22]

Loosely estimated, some 10% of the population may have emigrated, in a period when the entire Norwegian population consisted of some 800,000 people.

The Norwegians left with the Dutch trade ships that when in Norway traded for timber, hides, herring and stockfish (dried codfish). Young women took employment as maids in Amsterdam. Young men took employment as sailors. Large parts of the Dutch merchant fleet and navy came to consist of Norwegians and Danes. They took Dutch names, so no trace of Norwegian names can be found in the Dutch population of today. One well-known illustration is that of Admiral Kruys. He was hired in Amsterdam by Peter I to develop the Russian navy, but was originally from Stavanger, Norway (Kruys means "cross", and the Russian maritime flag is today also a blue cross on white background).

The emigration to the Netherlands was so devastating to the homelands that the Danish-Norwegian king issued penalties of death for emigration, but repeatedly had to issue amnesties for those willing to return, announced by posters in the streets of Amsterdam. Increasingly, Dutchmen who search their genealogical roots turn to Norway. Many Norwegians who emigrated to the Netherlands, and often were employed in the Dutch merchant fleet, emigrated further to the many Dutch colonies such as New Amsterdam (New York).{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

North America

United States

{{Main article|Norwegian American}}

Many Norwegians emigrated to the U.S. between the 1850s and the 1920s. Today, the descendants of these people are known as Norwegian Americans. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, three million Americans consider Norwegian to be their sole or primary ancestry. It is estimated that as many as a further 1.5 million more are of partial Norwegian ancestry.

Travelling to and through Canada and Canadian ports were of choice for Norwegian settlers immigrating to the United States. In 1850, the year after Great Britain repealed its restrictive Navigation Acts in Canada, more and more emigrating Norwegians sailed the shorter route to the Ville de Québec (Quebec City) in Canada, to make their way to US cities like Chicago, Milwaukee, and Green Bay by steamer. For example, in the 1850s, 28,640 arrived at Quebec, Canada, en route to the US, and 8,351 at New York directly.

Norwegian Americans represent 2-3% of the non-Hispanic Euro-American population in the U.S. They mostly live in both the Upper Midwest and Pacific Northwest.

Canada

{{Main article|Norwegian Canadian}}

As early as 1814, a party of Norwegians was brought to Canada to build a winter road from York Factory on Hudson Bay to the infant Red River settlement at the site of present-day Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Norway House is one of the oldest trading posts and Native-Canadian missions in the Canadian West. Willard Ferdinand Wentzel served the North West Company of Canada in the Athabasca and Mackenzie regions and accompanied Sir John Franklin on his overland expedition in 1819–20 to the Canadian Arctic.

Norwegians immigrated to Canada in search of the Canadian Dream. This immigration lasted from the mid-1880s until 1930, although Norwegians were already working in Canada as early as 1814. It can be divided into three periods of roughly fifteen years each. In the first, to about 1900, thousands of Norwegians homesteaded on the Canadian prairies. In the second, from 1900 to 1914, there was a further heavy influx of Norwegians immigrating to Canada from the United States because of poor economic conditions in the US, and 18,790 from Norway. In the third, from 1919 to 1930, 21,874 people came directly from Norway, with the peak year in 1927, when 5,103 Norwegians arrived, spurred by severe depression at home. They came with limited means, many leaving dole queues.

From 1825 to 1900 some 500,000 Norwegians landed at Ville du Quebec in Canada (and other Canadian ports) for travelling through Canada was the shortest corridor to the United States' central states. In spite of efforts by the Government of Canada to retain these immigrants for Canada, very few remained because of Canada's somewhat restrictive land policies at that time and negative stories being told about Canada from U.S. land agents deterring Norwegians from going to Canada. Not until the 1880s did Norwegians accept Canada as a land of opportunity. This was also true of the many Americans of Norwegian heritage who immigrated to Canada from the US with "Canada Fever" seeking homesteads and new economic opportunities. By 1921 one-third of all Norwegians in Canada had been born in the US.

These new Canadians became British subjects in Canada, and part of the British Empire. Canadian citizenship, as a status distinct from that of a British subject, was created on 1 January 1947, with Canada being the first Commonwealth country to create their own citizenship. Prior to that date, Canadians were British subjects and Canada's nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom. On 1 January 1947, Canadian citizenship was conferred on most British subjects connected with Canada. Unlike the US, Canada was part of the British Empire and most Norwegians would have become Canadians and British subjects at the same time.

According to the 2011 Census, 452,705 Canadians reported Norwegian ancestry (Norwegian-Canadians).[23] Norwegians make up 2% of the White Canadian population. However, the actual figure may be higher. It is important to note that because so many Norwegian women married men of other nationalities, and thus by census rules are not counted as having children of this ethnic origin, this tends to reduce the number in the statistics.

Australia

{{Main article|Norwegian Australian}}

As of 2011, there were 3,710 Norwegian-born Australians, and 23,037 Norwegians of Australian descent.

Russia

{{Further information|Kola Norwegians}}

In the 19th century a community known as the Kola Norwegians settled in the environs of the Russian city of Murmansk. They have suffered persecution under Joseph Stalin and after 1990 were offered a chance to get back to Norway. There are very few of them left there today.

Other

{{see also|Norwegian settlement in Iceland|Scandinavian migration to the United Kingdom|Early Scandinavian Dublin|Norwegian South African|Scandinavian Brazilian}}

Genetics

According to recent genetic analysis, both mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) and Y chromosome polymorphisms showed a noticeable genetic affinity between the Norwegian population and other ethnic groups in Northern and Central Europe, particularly with the Germans. This is due to a history of at least a thousand years of large-scale migration both in and out of Norway.[24]

The Norwegian population is typical of the Northern European population with Haplogroup I1 being most common. Norwegians also show the characteristic R1a genes of the paternal ancestorship at 17.9%[25] to 30.8%.[26] Such large frequencies of R1a have been found only in East Europe and India.[27] R1b gene showing paternal descent is also widespread at 25.9%[25] to 30.8%.[26]

Language

{{Main article|Norwegian language|North Germanic languages}}Norwegian is a North Germanic language with approximately 5 million speakers, of whom most are located in Norway. There are also some speakers of Norwegian in Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Britain, Spain, Canada, and the United States, where the largest community of speakers exists, with 55,311 speakers as of 2000; approximately half of the speakers live in Minnesota (8,060), California (5,865), Washington (5,460), New York (4,200), and Wisconsin (3,520).[28]

As of 2006, in Canada, there are 7,710 Norwegian speakers, of whom 3,420 reside in British Columbia, 1,360 in Alberta, and 1,145 in Ontario.[29]

Culture

{{Main article|Culture of Norway}}

Norwegian culture is closely linked to the country's history and geography. The unique Norwegian farm culture, sustained to this day, has resulted not only from scarce resources and a harsh climate but also from ancient property laws. In the 18th century, it brought about a strong romantic nationalistic movement, which is still visible in the Norwegian language and media. In the 19th century, Norwegian culture blossomed as efforts continued to achieve an independent identity in the areas of literature, art and music.

Cuisine

{{Main article|Cuisine of Norway}}

Norway's culinary traditions show the influence of long seafaring and farming traditions with salmon (fresh and cured), herring (pickled or marinated), trout, codfish and other seafood balanced by cheeses, dairy products and excellent breads (predominantly dark/darker). Lefse is a common Norwegian potato flatbread, common around Christmas. For renowned Norwegian dishes, see lutefisk, smalahove, pinnekjøtt, Krotekake and fårikål.[30]

Music

{{Main article|Music of Norway}}

Along with the classical music of romantic composer Edvard Grieg and the modern music of Arne Nordheim, Norwegian black metal has become something of an export article in recent years.

Norway's classical performers include Leif Ove Andsnes, one of the world's more famous pianists, and Truls Mørk, an outstanding cellist.

The jazz scene in Norway is also thriving. Jan Garbarek, Mari Boine, Arild Andersen, and Bugge Wesseltoft are internationally recognised while Paal Nilssen-Love, Supersilent, Jaga Jazzist and Wibutee are becoming world-class artists of the younger generation.[31]

Norway has a strong folk music tradition which remains popular to this day.[32] Among the most prominent folk musicians are Hardanger fiddlers Andrea Een, Olav Jørgen Hegge, Vidar Lande and Annbjørg Lien, violinist Susanne Lundeng, and vocalists Agnes Buen Garnås, Kirsten Bråten Berg and Odd Nordstoga.[33]

Celebrations

Norwegians celebrate their national day on May 17, dedicated to the Constitution of Norway. Many people wear bunad (traditional costumes) and most participate in or watch the Norwegian Constitution Day

parade that day, consisting mostly of children, through the cities and towns. The national romanticist author Henrik Wergeland was the founder of the 17 May parade.

Common Christian holidays are also celebrated, the most important being Christmas (called Jul in Norway after the pagan and early Viking winter solstice) and Easter (Påske). In Norway, the Santa (called Nissen) comes at Christmas Eve, the 24 December, with the presents, not the morning after as in many English speaking countries. He usually comes late in the evening, after the Christmas dinner many children consider long, boring and unnecessary.

Jonsok (St. John's Passing), or St. Hans (St. John's Day), i.e. 24 June, is also a commonly revered holiday. It marks midsummer and the beginning of summer vacation, and is often celebrated by lighting bonfires the evening before. In Northern areas of Norway, this day has 24 hours of light, while southern areas have only 17.5 hours.

Religion

{{See also|Religion in Norway|Norwegian American#The Norwegian Lutheran Church in the United States}}

The conversion of Norway to Christianity from Norse paganism began in 1000. By the middle of the 11th century, Christianity had become well-established in Norway and had become dominant by the middle of the 12th century. The Norwegians were Catholics until the Danish king Christian III of Denmark forced them to convert to Lutheranism and established a state-governed church. The church undertook a program to convert the Sámi in the 16th and 17th century, with the program being largely successful.

In the 19th century, emigration from Norway for political and religious motives began and Lutheranism spread to the United States. As a result of this,{{citation needed|month=March 2011|reason=Most Nordic people are religiously moderate - I have heard of no oppression of Christians here.|date=March 2011}} many of the Norwegians remaining in Norway were religiously moderate; subsequently, church attendance declined throughout the 20th century, as reflected by 78% of the population stating that religious is unimportant in a Gallup poll[34] and low weekly church attendance, at 2%,[35] particularly when compared to that of North Dakota, the state in which Norwegians constitute approximately 30.4% of the population. Of all U.S. states, North Dakota has the lowest percentage of non-religious people and the largest number of churches per capita. It weekly church attendance is at 43%.[36][37]

In Norway the Church of Norway and state are not separated. When baptised, children are registered in the Church of Norway's member register, leading to a large membership, although many people do not remain observant as adults. A majority of both ethnic Norwegians and Sámi are nominally Christian, but not necessarily observant. In Norway as of 2013, 76.1% of the population are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church.[38]

Other terms used

The Norwegians are and have been referred to by other terms as well.

Some of them include:

  • Nordmenn: A term used by Scandinavians to denote Norwegians. It translates as "Northmen". (Singular: Nordmann)
  • Northmen: Old term used by other European peoples to denote the peoples originating in the northern regions of Europe.
  • Norsemen or Norse: Viking Age peoples of Nordic origin.
  • Vikings: Used in the Nordic countries to denote people who went raiding, pillaging or slave catching during the Viking Age. Used in a similar way by other peoples but can also mean Scandinavians in general.
  • Minnewegian: Colloquial term for a Norwegian Minnesotan.
  • Norski: Common name for Northern American Norwegians.
  • Norrbagge: A Swedish (derogatory) term for Norwegians (first attested use in 1257) of uncertain meaning. Some claim that it is based on the root bagge meaning sheep's testicles in some Swedish dialects. Another explanation is that "bagge" refers to Bagaholm where Bohus Fortress lies, at an ancient border between Norway and Sweden. Nordbagge then means people who lives on the north (Swedish:norr) side of Bagaholm.[39]

See also

{{Portal|Norway}}
  • List of Germanic peoples
  • List of Norwegians
  • Afro-Norwegian
{{clear}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/statbank/table/05182/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=6953c747-7e3b-4e00-8d03-a40bc881656b|accessdate=2018-05-26|work=ssb.no}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_09_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder - Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=Factfinder2.census.gov|accessdate=2017-10-18}}
3. ^The 2000 Brazilian census reports that Brazil, in the 2000 census, has 465,44 inhabitants of (partial) Norwegian ancestry.
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |author=Statistics Canada |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables |accessdate=18 October 2017}}
5. ^Number of Norwegians registered at the Embassy for living in each of these countries.
6. ^Swedish Statistics from 2005. Shows the official number of Norwegians in Sweden at page 20.
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/norway/norway_brief.html|title=Norway|publisher=|accessdate=29 March 2015}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Statistics Denmark:FOLK2: Population 1. January by sex, age, ancestry, country of origin and citizenship|url=http://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1280|publisher=Statistics Denmark|accessdate=3 August 2012}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/ |title=Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland (Stand: 31. Dezember 2014) }}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates17.shtml|title=International migrant stock: The 2017 revision|work=United Nations}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html |title=Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents |accessdate=2009-12-06 |quote= |publisher=Statistics Norway |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDtcE5XJ?url=http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html |archivedate=February 1, 2010 |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/kirke_kostra/aar|title=Church of Norway, 2015: Steady decline in number of church attendances|publisher=Statistics Norway|date=4 May 2016|accessdate=28 February 2017}}
13. ^{{cite book |last=Danver |first=Steven L. |date=10 March 2015 |title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=349 |isbn=1317464001 |quote=Norwegians are a Germanic people that reside primarily in Norway on the Scandinavian Peninsula}}
14. ^{{cite book |last=Berlitz |first= |date=1 June 2015 |title=Berlitz: Norway Pocket Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-CgBwAAQBAJ |location= |publisher=Apa Publications (UK) |page= |isbn=1780048599 |quote=Some 86 percent of the people living in Norway today are ethnic Norwegians, a North Germanic people}}
15. ^{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |authorlink= |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC |accessdate=May 25, 2013 |year=2000 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location= |isbn=0313309841 |page=769 |quote=Germanic nations:... Norwegians...}}
16. ^{{cite book |last=Pavlovic |first=Zoran |authorlink= |title=Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rovXFnqXYMC |accessdate=9 March 2014 |year=2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |location= |isbn=1-4381-0455-3 |page=53 |quote=Germanic stock includes Germans, Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Dutch (Flemish), and English (Anglo-Saxon)}}
17. ^{{cite book |last=Marshall Cavendish |first= |author-link=Marshall Cavendish |date=2010 |title=World and Its Peoples: Scandinavia And Finland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBXUVEdg_SsC |location= |publisher= |page=1186 |isbn=0761478973 |access-date=March 26, 2019 |quote=Danes, Icelanders, Norwegians, and Swedes are Germanic, descendants of peoples who first moved northward from the North European Plain some 10,000 years ago, when the ice sheets of the last glacial period retreated.}}
18. ^{{cite book |last=Homans |first=George Caspar |author-link=George C. Homans |date=2017 |title=Coming to My Senses: The Autobiography of a Sociologist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riIxDwAAQBAJ |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=48 |isbn= 1351527673 |access-date=March 30, 2019 |quote=The English are ultimately of Germanic origin, as are the Flemish, Dutch, Frisians, Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, and Icelanders}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=|accessdate=29 March 2015}}
20. ^{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of English||edition=2nd|editor1-last=Soanes|editor1-first= Catherine|editor2-last=Stevenson|editor2-first= Angus|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|title=Norse|page=1200|isbn=0-19-8613474}}
21. ^Van Lottum, Jelle. Across the North Sea: The Impact of the Dutch Republic on International Labour Migration, C. 1550-1850. Vol. 1. Amsterdam University Press, 2007, p. 73-77
22. ^de Bles, Harry, and Erlend des Bouvrie. Dutch Light in the" Norwegian Night": Maritime Relations and Migration Across the North Sea in Early Modern Times. Uitgeverij Verloren, 2004, p. 8
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |author=Statistics Canada |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables |accessdate=11 February 2014}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-09-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060758/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-27 |df= }}
25. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63256-X |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-04-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414055310/http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63256-X |archivedate=2012-04-14 |df= }} Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic Ancestry in the Male Settlers of Iceland - Agnar Helgason et al., 2000, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67:697–717, 2000
26. ^1 Rosser et al. (2000)
27. ^F. Luca, F. Di Giacomo, T. Benincasa et al., "Y-Chromosomal Variation in the Czech Republic," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132:132–139 (2007).
28. ^U.S Census 2000
29. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89186&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= | title=Detailed Mother Tongue (148), Single and Multiple Language Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data |year=2007}}
30. ^Culture of Norway. Everyculture.com. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
31. ^Culture from Study in Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219033541/http://www.studyinnorway.no/sn/Living-in-Norway/Culture |date=2012-02-19 }}. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
32. ^Norwegian Folk Music from Norway, official site in the UK. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
33. ^Contemporary art from Norway the official site. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
34. ^[https://worldview.gallup.com/default.aspx GALLUP WorldView]
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aftenbladet.no/livssyn/1086156/2_prosent_gaar_i_kirken_paa_en_vanlig_soendag.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120721001720/http://www.aftenbladet.no/livssyn/1086156/2_prosent_gaar_i_kirken_paa_en_vanlig_soendag.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=21 July 2012|title=2 prosent går i kirken på en vanlig søndag|work=Aftenbladet.no|accessdate=29 March 2015}}
36. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm | title=American Religious Identification Survey | work=Exhibit 15 | publisher = The Graduate Center, City University of New York | accessdate = 2006-11-24}}
37. ^San Diego Times, May 2, 2006, from 2006 Gallup survey
38. ^{{cite web|title=Church of Norway, 2013|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/kirke_kostra/aar/2014-05-06?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=171798|publisher=Statistics Norway|accessdate=3 July 2014}}
39. ^Per Egil Hegge: Norrbagge Aftenposten, 8 December 2010 {{no icon}}

External links

  • {{Wikiquote-inline}}
  • {{Commons category-inline|People of Norway}}
{{Norwegian diaspora}}{{Norway topics}}{{Authority control}}

4 : Norwegian people|Germanic ethnic groups|Ethnic groups in Norway|North Germanic peoples
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/11 21:51:11