“2007 Guatemala City sinkhole”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 2007 Guatemala City sinkhole is a 100-metre deep sinkhole which formed in Guatemala City in 2007, due to sewage pipe ruptures. Its collapse caused the deaths of five people, and the evacuation of over a thousand.

Formation

The sinkhole was created by fluid from a sewer eroding uncemented volcanic ash, limestone, and other pyroclastic deposits underlying Guatemala City.^[1]^[2] The hazards around the pipe have since then been mitigated, by improved handling of the city's wastewater and runoff,^[3] and plans to develop on the site have been proposed. However, critics believe municipal authorities have neglected needed maintenance on the city's aging sewerage system, and have speculated that more piping failures are likely to develop unless action is taken.^[4]

Several rainstorms also contributed to the sinkhole's collapse, as stormwater percolated into the ground, further dissolving the rocks beneath Guatemala City. Citizens of Guatemala City near the sinkhole also reported hearing rumblings a few weeks before its collapse. The INSIVUMEH (Guatemala's seismology institute) had placed a seismic meter there before the disaster; a robotic camera system was supposed to enter the cavity, but the disaster occurred first.^[5]^[6]

Collapse

On February 23, 2007, the sinkhole collapsed, forming a very large, deep circular hole with vertical walls and killing five people. Its location was in a poor neighbourhood in northeastern Guatemala City, at the intersection of 24 Avenida and 6 Calle.^[7] This hole, which is classified by geologists as a "piping pseudokarst" feature, was {{convert|100|m}} deep.^[1]^[2] As a result, one thousand people were evacuated from the area.^[8] Police established a 500-yard (457-metre) no-go zone around the sinkhole.^[5] The hole was later filled in with soil cement made from cement, limestone, and water known locally as lodocreto. $2.7 million was spent by the Guatemalan government in order to fill the sinkhole and to redirect sewage pipes around the area.^[9]

References

1. ^¹Waltham, T., 2008, Sinkhole hazard case histories in karst terrains. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. vol. 41 no. 3, pp.. 291-300.
2. ^¹Halliday, W. R., 2007, Pseudokarst in the 21st century. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies. vol. 69, no. 1, p. 103–113.
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/dont-call-the-guatemala-sinkhole-a-sinkhole.htm | title=Don't Call The Guatemala Sinkhole a Sinkhole | date=Jun 4, 2010 | accessdate=2013-05-06 | author=Reilly, Michael}}
4. ^{{cite web|author=Constantino Diaz-Duran |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-06-01/sinkhole-in-guatemala-city-might-not-be-the-last/ |title=Sinkhole in Guatemala City Might Not Be the Last |publisher=The Daily Beast |date=2010-06-01 |accessdate=2010-06-03}}
5. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/02/070226-sinkhole-photo/ | title=Photo in the News: Giant Sinkhole Swallows Guatemala Homes | publisher=National Geographic | date=February 26, 2007 | accessdate=2013-05-05 | author=Chamberlain, Ted}}
6. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17303991/ns/world_news-americas/t/third-body-pulled-giant-sinkhole/ | title=Third body pulled from giant sinkhole | work=NBC News | date=2007-02-24 | agency=NBC | accessdate=2013-05-05}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/site-of-2007-guatemala-city-sinkhole/ | title=Site of 2007 Guatemala City Sinkhole | date=2010-06-01 | accessdate=2013-05-05}}
8. ^{{cite news|author=David L Miller |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/23/world/main2508879.shtml |title=Massive Guatemala Sinkhole Kills 2 Teens |publisher=CBS News |date=2009-07-04 |accessdate=2009-07-08}}
9. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2010/06/how_to_fix_a_giant_sinkhole.html | title=How To Fix a Giant Sinkhole | publisher=Slate Magazine | date=June 4, 2010 | accessdate=16 September 2013 | author=Palmer, Brian}}