| 词条 | Nothing comes from nothing |
| 释义 |
Nothing comes from nothing ({{lang-la|ex nihilo nihil fit}}) is a philosophical expression of a thesis first argued by Parmenides. It is associated with ancient Greek cosmology, such as is presented not just in the works of Homer and Hesiod, but also in virtually every internal system—there is no break in-between a world that did not exist and one that did, since it could not be created {{lang|la|ex nihilo}} in the first place. ParmenidesThe idea that "nothing comes from nothing", as articulated by Parmenides, first appears in his Physics: {{Quote|[1] The above, in a translation based on the John Burnet translation,[2] appears as follows: {{Quote|LucretiusThe Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius expressed this principle in his first book of {{lang|la|De Rerum Natura}} (On the Nature of Things) {{Quote|The warp out for us—her first principle: that nothing's brought Forth by any supernatural power out of naught. For certainly all men are in the clutches of a dread— Beholding many things take place in heaven overhead Or here on earth whose causes they can't fathom, they assign The explanation for these happenings to powers divine. Nothing can be made from nothing—once we see that's so, Already we are on the way to what we want to know.[3] He then continues on discussing how matter is required to make matter and that objects cannot spring forth without reasonable cause. {{Quote|Could be born from any other; nothing would require a seed. People could pop out of the sea, the scaly tribes arise Out of the earth, and winged birds could hatch right from the skies. Born willy-nilly, every animal, both wild and tame, Would inhabit cultivated land and wilderness the same. The same tree would not always grow the same fruit—what might bear An apple one time, might, the next, produce a quince or pear. Since there would be no generating particles, then neither Would certain things arise from only a certain kind of mother. But since in fact each species rises from specific seeds, Each thing springs from the source that has the matter that it needs, The primary particles, and comes into the boundaries Of light, and that's the reason every thing cannot give rise To every other thing, because there is a separate power In distinct things.[4] English translation of {{lang|la|ex nihilo nihil fit}}Literally translated, this Latin phrase means "out of nothing, nothing [be]comes". The Latin preposition "{{lang|la|ex}}", which the reader may recognize from many English derivatives such as "exit", means "out of". "{{lang|la|Nihilo}}" is the ablative form of the Latin noun "{{lang|la|nihilum}}" meaning "nothing". "{{lang|la|Fit}}" is the present indicative form of the Latin verb "{{lang|la|fio}}" meaning "to become". Note that the original (or, rather, the Lucretian) locution is "nil posse creari de nilo," which means "nothing can be created of nothing". Modern physicsThe law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system cannot change. The zero-energy universe states that the amount of energy in the universe minus the amount of gravity is exactly zero. That is the only kind of universe that could come from nothing, assuming such a zero-energy universe already is nothing.[5] Such a universe would need to be flat, a state which does not contradict current observations that the universe is flat with a 0.5% margin of error.[6] Some physicists—such as Lawrence Krauss, Stephen Hawking, and Michio Kaku—define or defined 'nothing' as an unstable quantum vacuum that contains no particles.[7][8][9] This is different from the philosophical conception of nothing, which has no inherent properties and is not governed by physical laws. References in works of fictionIn William Shakespeare's King Lear, Lear uses the expression while talking to his daughter, Cordelia.[10] Later, Lear uses a similar expression, saying, "Nothing can be made out of nothing" (John 1:3). In the web television series 13 Reasons Why, Ryan Shaver uses this Latin phrase to show Hannah Baker, the main character, that her attempts to write poetry will be useless if she's not willing to put her soul on them, as she is afraid of expressing her most intimate thoughts with strangers. The phrase also appears in H.P. Lovecraft's tale, The Whisperer in Darkness. In the 2018 film Christopher Robin, the phrase is used multiple times, along with the retort, "Doing nothing often leads to the very best something." In Season 2 of the CBS series Salvation, Darius says to Rosetta "Nothing comes from nothing" as they discuss saving the world using a particle collider. In The Sound of Music{{section OR|date=March 2019}}In the 1965 film version of The Sound of Music, Maria and Captain von Trapp confess their love to each other in the song "Something Good", which contains the lyrics: "Nothing comes from nothing / nothing ever could". Although the song is devoid of intentional metaphysical connotations, Maria's time in Nonnberg Abbey would have familiarized her with the phrase, which is used in Catholic philosophy to explain God's gratuitous act of {{lang|la|creatio ex nihilo}}, namely, that only the source of all being can give creation its existence. Earlier in the film, in the well-known song "Maria", Maria's fellow nuns lament that there is "many a thing she ought to understand" and that she is "not an asset to the abbey". It is unclear if a relationship between Maria's theological acumen and this song is accidental or intentional. See also
References1. ^https://lexundria.com/parm_frag/1-19/grk 2. ^https://lexundria.com/parm_frag/1-19/b 3. ^Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, 1.148–156 4. ^Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, 1.159–173 5. ^{{Cite web|url= http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/31_02/nothing.html|title=A Universe from Nothing|publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific|accessdate=10 March 2010}} by Alexei V. Filippenko and Jay M. Pasachoff 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_shape.html|title=Will the Universe expand forever?|publisher=NASA|accessdate=18 October 2011}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Krauss|first=Lawrence|authorlink=Lawrence M. Krauss|title=A Universe from Nothing|year=2012|publisher=Free Press|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4516-2445-8}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Hawking|first1=Stephen|last2=Mlodinow|first2=Leonard|authorlink1=Stephen Hawking|authorlink2=Leonard Mlodinow|title=The Grand Design|year=2010|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=978-0-553-80537-6}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url= http://bigthink.com/videos/a-universe-is-a-free-lunch|title=A Universe is a Free Lunch|publisher=Big Think|accessdate=12 May 2015}} 10. ^Commentary on King Lear by Dr. Larry A. Brown, Professor of theater Further reading
External links
4 : Philosophical arguments|Philosophy of physics|Physical cosmology|Parmenides |
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