| 词条 | Nothofagus |
| 释义 |
| name=Southern beeches | image=Roble (Nothofagus obliqua).JPG | image_caption = The roble beech (Nothofagus obliqua) from South America | fossil_range = {{fossil range|72|0}} Late Campanian–Present | parent_authority = Kuprian.[1] | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Nothofagus | authority = Blume | synonyms_ref=[2] | synonyms=
|subdivision_ranks=|subdivision=| range_map = Nothofagus Distribution.svg | range_map_caption = The range of Nothofagus. }}Nothofagus, also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species[2] of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere in southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and Australasia (east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and New Caledonia). The species are ecological dominants in many temperate forests in these regions.[3] Some species are reportedly naturalised in Germany and Great Britain.[4] The genus has a rich fossil record of leaves, cupules and pollen, with fossils extending into the late Cretaceous and occurring in Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica and South America.[5] __NOTOC__In the past, they were included in the family Fagaceae, but genetic tests revealed them to be genetically distinct,[6] and they are now included in their own family, the Nothofagaceae.[7] The leaves are toothed or entire, evergreen or deciduous. The fruit is a small, flattened or triangular nut, borne in cupules containing one to seven nuts. Nothofagus species are used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid moths of the genus Aenetus, including A. eximia and A. virescens. Many individual trees are extremely old, and at one time, some populations were thought to be unable to reproduce in present-day conditions where they were growing, except by suckering (clonal reproduction), being remnant forest from a cooler time. Sexual reproduction has since been shown to be possible.[8] Although the genus now mostly occurs in cool, isolated, high-altitude environments at temperate and tropical latitudes the fossil record shows that it survived in climates that appear to be much warmer than those that Nothofagus now occupies.[9] TaxonomyThe genus is classified in these subgenera:[10]
It was recently proposed that the generic classification of the Nothofagaceae should be revised, with the four subgenera elevated to full genera.[16] This proposed change is not taxonomically essential [4][17] and has not been accepted outside New Zealand. DistributionThe pattern of distribution around the southern Pacific Rim suggests the dissemination of the genus dates to the time when Antarctica, Australia, and South America were connected in a common land-mass or supercontinent referred to as Gondwana.[18] However, genetic evidence using molecular dating methods has been used to argue that the species in New Zealand and New Caledonia evolved from species that arrived in these landmasses by dispersal across oceans.[19] There is uncertainty in molecular dates and controversy rages as to whether the distribution of Nothofagus derives from the break-up of Gondwana (i.e. vicariance), or if there has been long distance dispersal across oceans. In South America the northern limit of the genus can be construed as La Campana National Park and the Vizcachas Mountains in the central part of Chile.[20] Beech mastEvery four to six years or so, Nothofagus produces a heavier crop of seeds and is known as the beech mast. In New Zealand, the beech mast causes an increase in the population of introduced mammals such as mice, rats, and stoats. When the rodent population collapses, the stoats begin to prey on native bird species, many of which are threatened with extinction.[21] This phenomenon is covered in more detail in the article on stoats in New Zealand. See also
References1. ^{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2017-05-25 | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }} {{Wikispecies|Nothofagus}}{{Commons category|Nothofagus|position=left}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q218274}}2. ^{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 }} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=Ecology and Biogeography of Nothofagus Forests|last=Veblen|first=Thomas|last2=Hill|first2=Robert|last3=Read|first3=Jennifer|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-300-06423-0|location=New Haven, CT|pages=}} 4. ^1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 {{Cite journal|url = |title = Biogeography, evolution and palaeoecology of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae): The contribution of the fossil record|last = Hill|first = Robert|date = 2001|journal = Australian Journal of Botany|doi = 10.1071/BT00026|pmid = |volume=49|issue = 3|pages=321}} 6. ^Manos PS, Steele KP (1997) Phylogenetic analyses of 'higher' Hamamelididae based on plastid sequence data. American Journal of Botany 84, 1407-1419. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2446139 7. ^{{Cite journal|title = Phylogenetic analyses of 'higher' Hamamelididae based on plastid sequence data|last = Manos|first = Paul|date = 1997|journal = American Journal of Botany|doi = 10.2307/2446139|pmid = |jstor=2446139|volume=84|issue = 10|pages=1407–1419}} 8. ^http://cgi.cse.unsw.edu.au/~lambert/cgi-bin/clim/2005/07/ 9. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Carpenter | first1 = RJ | last2 = Jordan | first2 = GJ | last3 = Macphail | first3 = MK | last4 = Hill | first4 = RS | year = 2012 | title = Near-tropical early eocene terrestrial temperatures at the Australo-Antarctic margin, western Tasmania | url = | journal = Geology | volume = 40 | issue = 3| pages = 267–270 | doi = 10.1130/G32584.1 | bibcode = 2012Geo....40..267C }} 10. ^Nothofagus website (in French) 11. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Carpenter | first1 = RJ | last2 = Bannister | first2 = JM | last3 = Lee | first3 = DE | last4 = Jordan | first4 = GJ | year = 2014 | title = Nothofagus subgenus Brassospora (Nothofagaceae) leaf fossils from New Zealand: A link to Australia and New Guinea? | url = | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 174 | issue = 4| pages = 503–515 | doi=10.1111/boj.12143}} 12. ^{{cite book |last=San Martín |first=José |last2=Donoso |first2=Claudio|author-link2=Claudio Donoso |date=1995|editor-last=Armesto|editor-first=Juan J. |editor-last2=Villagrán|editor-first2=Carolina|editor-last3=Arroyo|editor-first3=Mary Kalin|editor-link2=Carolina Villagrán|editor-link3=Mary Kalin Arroyo |title=Ecología de los bosques nativos de Chile|chapter=Estructura florística e impacto antrópico en el bosque Maulino de Chile|location=Santiago de Chile |publisher=Editorial Universitaria |pages=153–167 |isbn=978-9561112841 |language=Spanish|trans-chapter=Floristic structure and human impact on the Maulino forest of Chile}} 13. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Jordan | first1 = GJ | year = 1999 | title = A new Early Pleistocene species of Nothofagus and the climatic implications of co-occurring Nothofagus fossils | url = | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 12 | issue = 6| pages = 757–765 | doi=10.1071/sb98025}} 14. ^{{cite journal| doi=10.1016/S0034-6667(96)00003-6 | volume=94 | issue=1–2 | title=Nothofagus beardmorensis (Nothofagaceae), a new species based on leaves from the Pliocene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica | year=1996 | journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology | pages=11–24 | last1 = Hill | first1 = R.S. | last2 = Harwood | first2 = D.M. | last3 = Webb | first3 = P.-N.}} 15. ^[https://eurekamag.com/research/032/579/032579636.php Nothofagus beardmorensis Nothofagaceae, a new species based on leaves from the Pliocene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica] 16. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | last1 = Heenan | first1 = P.B. | last2 = Smissen | first2 = R.D. | year = 2013 | title = Revised circumscription of Nothofagus and recognition of the segregate genera Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Trisyngyne (Nothofagaceae) | url = | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 146 | issue = 1| pages = 1–31 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.146.1.1 }} 17. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Hill | first1 = RS | last2 = Jordan | first2 = GJ | last3 = Macphail | first3 = MK | year = 2015 | title = Why we should retain Nothofagus sensu lato | url = | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 28 | issue = 3| pages = 190–193 | doi=10.1071/sb15026}} 18. ^Native Forest Network (2003) Gondwana Forest Sanctuary 19. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Knapp | first1 = M | last2 = Stockler | first2 = K | last3 = Havell | first3 = D | last4 = Delsuc | first4 = F | last5 = Sebastiani | first5 = F | last6 = Lockhart | first6 = PJ | year = 2005 | title = Relaxed molecular clock provides evidence for long-distance dispersal of Nothofagus (Southern Beech) | journal = PLoS Biology | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = 38–43 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030014 | pmid=15660155 | pmc=539330}} 20. ^C. Michael Hogan (2008) Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017013207/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=82831 |date=2012-10-17 }} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-plants/beech-forest/|title=Beech forest: Native plants|publisher=Department of Conservation|accessdate=26 August 2012}} 4 : Nothofagaceae|Trees of New Zealand|Fagales genera|Extant Campanian first appearances |
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