| 词条 | Nouadhibou |
| 释义 |
|name = Nouadhibou |native_name = Nwadibu (Berber) {{native name|ar|نواذيبو}} |settlement_type =Commune and town |image_skyline = Nouadhibou street2.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = A street in Nouadhibou |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Mauritania |pushpin_label_position =right |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mauritania |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name = {{MRT}} |subdivision_name1 = Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |established_title = |established_date = |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Elghassem Ould Bellali |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of= 2013 census |population_footnotes = |population_total = 118167 |population_urban = |population_metro = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|20|56|N|17|2|W|region:MR|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m = 0 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }}Nouadhibou ({{lang-ar|نواذيبو}}, Berber: Nwadibu, formerly in French: {{lang|fr|Port-Étienne}}) is the second largest city in Mauritania and serves as a major commercial center. The city itself has about 118,000 inhabitants expanding to over 140,000 in the larger metropolitan area. It is situated on a 65-kilometer peninsula or headland called Ras Nouadhibou (Berber: Ighef Nwadibu), {{lang|fr|Cap Blanc}}, or {{lang|es|Cabo Blanco}}, of which the western side, with the Moroccan city of La Güera, is part of Western Sahara. Nouadhibou is consequently located merely a couple of kilometres from the border between Mauritania and Morocco de facto, Western Sahara de jure. Its current mayor is Elghassem Ould Bellali, who was installed on 15 October 2018.[1] OverviewThe city consists of four major areas: the city centre, including the airport; Numerowatt to the north; Cansado, the main residential area, to the south; and a dormitory town for the workers of the harbour facilities which are located a few kilometers south of the city, near the tip of the Ras Nouadhibou peninsula, at Port Minéralier. Attractions in Nouadibou include the Table Remarquable{{what|date=April 2018}}, several markets, a ships' graveyard and Mediterranean monk seals. The port of Nouadhibou is the final resting place of over 300 ships and hence the world’s largest ship graveyard. Unlike the arrival en masse of ships at Mallows Bay, here the number of craft has built up over time, as corrupt officials accepted bribes from boat owners to allow them to dump their vessels in the area. Nouadhibou has always been an important transit point for international transport. In the beginning of the 21st century, it was a stopover for the Latécoère air-transport network for mail and passengers for western Africa and overseas colonies like Martinique. Antoine de Saint-Exupery spent much time there as a pilot and as writer. Near the harbour is the terminus of Mauritania's only railway line, which mainly brings iron ore from the mining areas near Fdérik and Zouérat, which are located up to {{convert|704|km}} inland. Processing iron ore forms the largest industry in Nouadhibou, although the overall major economic activity is fishing. HistoryThe town was established as a small fishing port, controlled by the Portuguese, the Dutch and finally the French.[2] In 1907 by decree of the governor general of French West Africa Ernest Roume, it was renamed Port-Étienne after the former French Minister of the Colonies Eugène Étienne.[3] After Mauritania became independent in 1960, the town name changed to Nouadhibou. On 30 June 1973, at the time of the second-longest solar eclipse in the 20th century, an Aerobee rocket was launched at Nouadhibou for solar research.[4] From February 2006 onwards Nouadhibou has become the departure point for African migrants trying to reach the Canary Islands. This extremely dangerous route to reach the European Union has become popular as a result of increased emigration controls along the Moroccan coast and around the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla in the second half of 2005. The city is reputedly also a centre of trading of meteorites found in the Sahara.[5] Population history{{Bar chart| title = Population of the commune of Nouadhibou (2000—2013) | label_type = Year | data_type = Population | bar_width = 35 | width_units = em | data_max = 120000 | label1 = 2000[6] | data1 = 72,337 | label2 = 2013[6] | data2 = 118,167 }} ClimateNouadhibou features a desert climate (BWh) under the Köppen climate classification. The city sees virtually no rainfall during the course of the year averaging a paltry {{convert|18|mm|0}} of precipitation annually. Despite the fact that it features a hot desert climate, the area does not quite see the extreme temperatures that other areas with this climate feature. The average annual temperature in the city is {{convert|21.7|°C|0}}. {{Weather box|location = Nouadhibou (extremes 1906–present) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 33.6 |Feb record high C = 36.0 |Mar record high C = 38.0 |Apr record high C = 38.5 |May record high C = 39.4 |Jun record high C = 41.0 |Jul record high C = 39.7 |Aug record high C = 39.4 |Sep record high C = 41.3 |Oct record high C = 40.5 |Nov record high C = 37.4 |Dec record high C = 34.9 |year record high C = 41.3 |Jan high C = 24.3 |Feb high C = 25.4 |Mar high C = 27.0 |Apr high C = 26.2 |May high C = 26.5 |Jun high C = 27.9 |Jul high C = 27.2 |Aug high C = 28.2 |Sep high C = 30.5 |Oct high C = 29.9 |Nov high C = 27.3 |Dec high C = 24.7 |year high C = 27.1 |Jan mean C = 18.3 |Feb mean C = 19.2 |Mar mean C = 20.1 |Apr mean C = 19.9 |May mean C = 20.4 |Jun mean C = 22.8 |Jul mean C = 22.4 |Aug mean C = 23.5 |Sep mean C = 24.6 |Oct mean C = 23.3 |Nov mean C = 21.2 |Dec mean C = 19.2 |year mean C = 21.3 |Jan low C = 13.6 |Feb low C = 14.2 |Mar low C = 14.8 |Apr low C = 15.1 |May low C = 16.1 |Jun low C = 17.4 |Jul low C = 18.8 |Aug low C = 19.9 |Sep low C = 20.3 |Oct low C = 19.0 |Nov low C = 16.8 |Dec low C = 14.5 |year low C = 16.7 |Jan record low C = 4.0 |Feb record low C = 9.5 |Mar record low C = 10.0 |Apr record low C = 8.9 |May record low C = 9.8 |Jun record low C = 10.5 |Jul record low C = 10.8 |Aug record low C = 12.8 |Sep record low C = 13.4 |Oct record low C = 10.0 |Nov record low C = 10.0 |Dec record low C = 9.0 |year record low C = 4.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 2 |Feb precipitation mm = 3 |Mar precipitation mm = 2 |Apr precipitation mm = 1 |May precipitation mm = 1 |Jun precipitation mm = 1 |Jul precipitation mm = 1 |Aug precipitation mm = 3 |Sep precipitation mm = 5 |Oct precipitation mm = 3 |Nov precipitation mm = 2 |Dec precipitation mm = 1 |year precipitation mm = 23 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 0.3 |Feb precipitation days = 0.4 |Mar precipitation days = 0.3 |Apr precipitation days = 0.3 |May precipitation days = 0.1 |Jun precipitation days = 0.1 |Jul precipitation days = 0.2 |Aug precipitation days = 0.4 |Sep precipitation days = 0.7 |Oct precipitation days = 0.2 |Nov precipitation days = 0.2 |Dec precipitation days = 0.1 |year precipitation days = 3.1 |Jan humidity = 63 |Feb humidity = 68 |Mar humidity = 69 |Apr humidity = 72 |May humidity = 73 |Jun humidity = 74 |Jul humidity = 79 |Aug humidity = 78 |Sep humidity = 73 |Oct humidity = 72 |Nov humidity = 69 |Dec humidity = 66 |year humidity = 71 |Jan sun = 248.0 |Feb sun = 237.3 |Mar sun = 279.0 |Apr sun = 285.0 |May sun = 310.0 |Jun sun = 276.0 |Jul sun = 260.4 |Aug sun = 272.8 |Sep sun = 246.0 |Oct sun = 254.2 |Nov sun = 243.0 |Dec sun = 244.9 |year sun = |Jand sun = 8.0 |Febd sun = 8.4 |Mard sun = 9.0 |Aprd sun = 9.5 |Mayd sun = 10.0 |Jund sun = 9.2 |Juld sun = 8.4 |Augd sun = 8.8 |Sepd sun = 8.2 |Octd sun = 8.2 |Novd sun = 8.1 |Decd sun = 7.9 |yeard sun = 8.6 |source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst[7] |source 2 = Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[8] }} TransportationPaved roadsNouadhibou is linked with the Coastal Motorway RN2 to the capital Nouakchott (a distance of 450 km) and by highway to the Moroccan border in the north (a distance of 70 km). RailwayNouadhibou also is connected by railway to the iron mines in Zouérat, 670 km to the east. The freight trains can be as long as 3 km, reputedly the longest in the world. The railway also carries passengers and calls at Choum. AviationThe city is served by Nouadhibou Airport. EconomyPlans were drawn up at the beginning of 1963 to build a port called Port Wharf in the fishing harbour, which included the construction of industrial and trade buildings. This became operational in 1966. This wharf was designed to accommodate traffic of up to 50,000 tonnes. In 1977 the wharf was lengthened to provide 3 extra berths for ships of average tonnage raising its capacity to 320,000 tonnes.{{cn|date=November 2016}} HealthThe Nouadhibou Regional Hospital was opened in 2017 after a built time of five years and is the largest hospital in that region [9] SportsTwo football clubs from Nouadhibou participate in the Mauritanian Premier League as of the 2018/19 season: FC Nouadhibou and ASC Snim.[10] References1. ^Installation du maire de la commune de Nouadhibou, Agence Mauritanienne d'Information, 15 October 2018 2. ^Wilaya de Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Garde Nationale 3. ^Jean Abel Gruvel, Les pêcheries des côtes du Sénégal et des rivières du Sud, A. Challamel, Paris, 1908, p. 13 {{ISBN|2-11-091134-4}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/4/404page.html|title=Encyclopedia Astronautica Index: 1|website=www.astronautix.com|accessdate=Mar 13, 2019}} 5. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6549197.stm |title=Meteorite smugglers anger scientists |work=BBC |accessdate=2007-06-23 | date=2007-04-16 | location=London}} 6. ^1 [https://www.citypopulation.de/Mauritania-Cities.html Mauritania], citypopulation.de 7. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_614150_kt.pdf| title = Klimatafel von Nouadhibou (Port Etienne) / Mauretanien| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst| language = German| accessdate = 19 December 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-799-Nouadhibou.php| title = Station Nouadhibou| publisher = Météo Climat | language = French | accessdate = 19 December 2018}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.cridem.org/C_Info.php?article=697209|title=Nouadhibou : inauguration par le chef de l’état d’un hôpital des spécialités médicales|website=www.cridem.org|accessdate=Mar 13, 2019}} 10. ^Mauritania, rsssf.com External links{{commons category}}{{wikivoyage|Nouadhibou}}
8 : Populated places in Mauritania|Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region|Regional capitals in Mauritania|Communes of Mauritania|Railway stations in Mauritania|Nouadhibou|Ship graveyards|Ship disposal |
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