“Novi Pazar”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Novi Pazar ({{lang-sr-cyr|Нови Пазар}}, lit. "New Bazaar" {{IPA-sh|nôʋiː pǎzaːr|pron}}) is a city located in the Raška District of southwestern Serbia. As of the 2011 census, the urban area has 66,527 inhabitants, while the city administrative area has 100,410 inhabitants.^[3] The city is the cultural center of the Bosniaks in Serbia and the historical region of Sandžak.^[3] A multicultural area of Muslims and Orthodox Christians, many monuments of both religions, like the Altun-Alem Mosque and the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, are found in the region.

Name

During the 14th century under the old Serbian fortress of Stari Ras, an important market-place named Trgovište started to develop. By the middle of the 15th century, in the time of the final Ottoman Empire conquest of Old Serbia, another market-place was developing some 11 km to the east. The older place became known as Staro Trgovište (Old Trgovište, {{lang-tr|Eski Pazar}}) and the younger as Novo Trgovište (New Trgovište, {{lang-tr|Yeni Pazar}}). The latter developed into the modern city of Novi Pazar.

The name Novi Pazar (meaning "New Bazaar") was derived from the Serbian name Novo Trgovište, via the Turkish name Yeni Pazar, which is itself derived from bazaar ({{ety|fa|{{noitalic|{{lang|fa|بازار}}}} (bāzār)|market}}; {{ety|pal|{{noitalic|{{lang|pal|بهاچار}}}} (bahā-chār)|place of prices}}).^[4] It is still known as Yeni Pazar in modern-day Turkey.

Geography

Novi Pazar is located in the valleys of the Jošanica, Raška, Deževska, and Ljudska rivers. It lies at an elevation of 496m, in the southeast Sandžak region. The city is surrounded by the Golija and Rogozna mountains, and the Pešter plateau lies to the west. The total area of the city administrative area is 742 km². It contains 100 settlements, mostly small and spread over hills and mountains surrounding the city. The largest village is Mur, with over 3000 residents.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

Climate

Novi Pazar has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb) typical of the hilly Sandžak region, though significantly warmer than the neighboring town of Sjenica.

History

One of the oldest monuments of the area is the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul first built in the Roman era. The capital city of the Principality of Serbia, Ras, which was ruled by the Vlastimirović dynasty from 768 to 980, was near the modern city and has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

In the next centuries, the region of modern Novi Pazar served as the principal province of the Serbian realm. It was an administrative division, usually under the direct rule of the monarch and sometimes as an appanage. It was the crownland, seat or appanage of various Serbian states throughout the Middle Ages, including the Serbian Kingdom (1217-1345) and the Serbian Empire (1345-1371). In 1427, the region and the remnant of Ras, as part of the Serbian Despotate, was ruled by Serbian despot Đurađ Branković. One of the markets was called "despotov trg" (Despot's square).^[6] In 1439, the region was captured by the Ottoman Empire, but was reconquered by the Serbian Despotate in 1444. In the summer of 1455, the Ottomans conquered the region again, and named the settlement of Trgovište Eski Bazar (Old Market). Novi Pazar was formally founded as a city in its own right in 1461 by Ottoman general Isa-Beg Ishaković, the Bosnian governor of the district (sanjak) who also founded Sarajevo.^[7] Ishaković decided to establish a new town on the area of Trgovište as an urban center between Raška and Jošanica, where at first he built a mosque, a public bath, a marketplace, a hostel, and a compound.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

It was the chief town of the Ras province (vilayet) until its disestablishment in 1463, when it became part of the Jeleč Vilayet. The first written document which mentions Novi Pazar dates from the 15th century, and describes the decision of the Republic of Ragusa to appoint a consul there. The town was well developed by this time, being at the intersection of important routes leading to Dubrovnik, Niš, Sofia, Constantinople, Salonica, Sarajevo, Belgrade and Budapest. The town also remained the capital of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, which continued until the 20th century as a constitutive unit of Bosnia Eyalet. The sanjak was occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary from 1878. In 1908 it was returned to the Ottoman Empire as part of the Kosovo Vilayet, but taken over by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912, during the First Balkan War.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

The area has traditionally had a large number of Albanians and Muslim Slavs with a different culture from the Orthodox Serbs.^[8] A contemporary report stated that when the Serb forces entered the Sandjak of Novi Pazar, they "pacified" the Albanians.^[9] In 1913, Novi Pazar officially became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, and as such, became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1918. From 1929 to 1941, Novi Pazar was part of the Zeta Banovina of the Yugoslavia.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

In the Battle for Novi Pazar, fought at the end of 1941 during the Second World War, the Chetniks, initially supported by the Partisans, unsuccessfully tried to capture the city.{{cn|date=January 2019}} Following the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević on 5 October 2000, newly elected Prime Minister of Serbia Zoran Đinđić made considerable efforts to help economically the whole area of Novi Pazar. Also, with the help of Đinđić, the International University of Novi Pazar was founded in 2002. He made close relations with the leaders of Bosniaks, as part of his wider plan to reform Serbia.^[10] Twelve years following his assassination, the Novi Pazar Assembly decided to rename one street in his name.^[11]

Demographics

According to the last official census done in 2011, the city of Novi Pazar has 100,410 inhabitants, while the city itself has 68,749 inhabitants. A total of 68.47% of population live in urban area of the city. The population density is 135.32 inhabitants per square kilometer.^[13]

Novi Pazar has 23,022 households with 4,36 members on average; the number of homes is 28,688.^[14]

Religion structure in the city of Novi Pazar is predominantly Muslim (82,710), with Serbian Orthodox (16,051), Atheists (71), Catholics (51), and other minority groups.^[15] Most of the population speaks either Bosnian (74,501) or Serbian (23,406).^[15]

A total of 33,583 citizens (older than 15 years) have secondary education (44.41%), while the 7,351 citizens have higher education (9.72%). Of those with higher education, 5,005 (6.62%) have university education.^[16]

Ethnic composition

From the 15th century to the Balkan Wars, Novi Pazar was the capital of the sanjak of Novi Pazar. Typically, like other centres of the wider area, its composition was multiethnic, with Albanians, Serbs and Slavic-speaking Muslims as the main communities.^[17] The Ottoman travel writer Evliya Celebi noted that it was one of the most populated towns in the Balkans in the 17th century. Serbs also lived in the city until WWII^[18] when the entire Serb population of Novi Pazar - 521 individuals, were imprisoned, sent to the concentration camp Staro Sajmište and killed during the rule of Balli Kombëtar.^[19]

Settlements

Aside from the urban area of Novi Pazar (54,604), the city administrative area includes the following settlements, with population from the 2002 census:

Politics

Novi Pazar is governed by a city assembly composed of 47 councillors, a mayor and vice-mayor. After the last legislative election held in 2012, the local assembly is composed of the following groups:^[30]

Economy

Lying on crossroads between numerous old and new states, Novi Pazar has always been a strong trade center. Along with the trade, the city developed manufacturing tradition. During the 20th century, it became a center of textile industry.

Paradoxically, during the turbulent 1990s and, Novi Pazar prospered, even during the UN sanctions, boosted by the strong private initiative in textile industry. Jeans of Novi Pazar, first of forged trademarks, and later on its own labels, became famous throughout the region. However, during the relative economic prosperity in Serbia of the 2000s, the Novi Pazar economy collapsed, with demise of large textile combines in mismanaged privatization, and incoming competition from the import.

The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2016):^[31]

Society and culture

Monuments

The old Serbian Orthodox monastery of Sopoćani, the foundation of St King Uroš I, built in the second half of the 13th century and located west of Novi Pazar, is a World Heritage Site since 1979 accompanying with Stari Ras (Old Ras), a medieval capital of the Serbian great župan Stefan Nemanja.{{cn|date=July 2018}}

The city also houses the oldest intact church in Serbia and one of the oldest ones in the region which dates from the 9th-century, the Church of St Peter. The church's walls were defaced with graffiti on 6 April 2008. The police have not officially concluded why the incident occurred.^[32]

On a hilltop overlooking Novi Pazar is the 12th century monastery of Đurđevi stupovi, long left in ruin, but recently restored and with a monastic community using it, with plate glass to keep out the weather and preserve the fine frescos. The main mosque of the city, the Altun-Alem Mosque, is the largest in this region of the Balkans and dates from 16th century.{{cn|date=July 2018}} There are various other historic Ottoman buildings, such as the 17th-century Amir-agin Han, a 15th-century Hammam, and the 15th-century Turkish fortress (all gone but the walls, the site of which is now a walled park in the city centre).{{cn|date=July 2018}}

Education

Novi Pazar is home to two universities, the International University of Novi Pazar and the State University of Novi Pazar.

Sport

The city's football club FK Novi Pazar was founded in 1928, under the name "FK Sandžak", which later changed to "FK Deževa". The club has played under its current name since 1962, when Deževa and another local football club, FK Ras, unified under this name. The club was a SFRJ amateur champion, and a member of the Yugoslav Second League. FK Novi Pazar qualified for a promotional play-off twice, but lost both times (to FK Sutjeska Nikšić in 1994, and to FK Sloboda Užice in 1995). FK Novi Pazar finally promoted to Serbian SuperLiga in 2011-12 season. FK Novi Pazar is the oldest second-league team in Serbia. Football is still an extremely popular sport in Novi Pazar and the city stadium is always full.

The Handball club is in the second league and used to have the name "Ras" but it was changed to RK Novi Pazar in 2004.

Famous athletes from the city include Turkish basketball national team player Mirsad Jahović Türkcan, former football player of Besiktas Sead Halilagić, handball-player Mirsad Terzić (who represents Bosnia and Herzegovina) and young football players Adem Ljajić, Ediz Bahtiyaroğlu, Armin Đerlek and alpinist Basar Čarovac who climbed all seven continents' highest peaks.

Gallery

References

1. ^{{Serbian municipalities 2006}}
2. ^{{Serbian census 2011}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Ahrens|first=Geert-Hinrich|title=Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict and the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3fLRcHYSVAC&pg=PA223|accessdate=2 January 2013|publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press|isbn=9780801885570|pages=223–}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bazaar|title=bazaar|accessdate=2007-02-17}}
5. ^ {{cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/4057|title=Climate: Novi Pazar, Serbia|publisher=Climate-Data.org|access-date=December 28, 2017}}
6. ^Više autora, Novi Pazar i okolina, Beograd 1969.{{page needed|date=February 2012}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Norris|first=H. T.|title=Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTcRDKnYf2cC&pg=PA49|accessdate=2 January 2013|year=1993|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781850651673|pages=49–|quote=Novi Pazar, on the border of Kosovo, was founded by Isa Beg, a governor of Bosnia}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Holger H.|first1=Richard F. Hamilton|title=The Origins of World War I|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107393868|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcILAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103&dq=Novi+pazar+albanians&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT-6ue7uLKAhXMVywKHWlYDeYQ6AEIOzAE#v=onepage&q=Novi%20pazar%20albanians&f=false}}
9. ^{{cite book|last1=HALL|first1=RICHARD C.|title=The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War Warfare and History|date=2002|publisher=Routledge, 2002|isbn=9781134583621|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DziCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT231&dq=Arnaut+albanian&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiax9fP6OLKAhVIiCwKHeHrAwUQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Arnaut%20albanian&f=false|ref="General Zivkovich: The pacification of the Albanians in Novi Pazar".}}
10. ^{{cite news|last1=N.|first1=M.|title=Zukorlić: Sa stokom reforme nemoguće|url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/drustvo/aktuelno.290.html:633327-Zukorlic-Sa-stokom-reforme-nemoguce|accessdate=17 February 2017|work=novosti.rs|date=3 November 2016|language=Serbian}}
11. ^{{cite news|title=Zoran Đinđić dobija ulicu u Novom Pazaru|url=http://www.blic.rs/vesti/srbija/zoran-djindic-dobija-ulicu-u-novom-pazaru/7bjrbhm|accessdate=17 February 2017|work=blic.rs|agency=Tanjug|date=12 March 2015|language=Serbian}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga20.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|accessdate=11 January 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=STANOVNIŠTVO|url=http://www.novipazar.rs/novi_pazar/stanovnistvo.asp|website=novipazar.rs|accessdate=13 July 2014|language=Serbian|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619182857/http://www.novipazar.rs/novi_pazar/stanovnistvo.asp|archivedate=19 June 2014}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Number and the floor space of housing units|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga%2022_Broj%20i%20povrsina%20stambenih%20jedinica-Number%20and%20the%20floor%20space%20of%20housing%20units.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|accessdate=21 March 2018|language=Serbian}}
15. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Religion, Mother tongue, and Ethnicity|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga4_Veroispovest.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|accessdate=21 March 2018|language=Serbian}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Educational attainment, literacy and computer literacy|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Skolska%20sprema,%20pismenost%20i%20kompjuterska%20pismenost-Educational%20attainment,%20literacy%20and%20computer%20literacy%20.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|accessdate=21 March 2018|language=Serbian}}
17. ^{{cite book|last=Hall|first=Richard C.|title=The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-zAeObDX_gC&pg=PA5|accessdate=2 January 2013|date=2002-01-04|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780203138052|page=5|quote=The Sandjak of Novi Pazar was a finger of the Ottoman province of Kosovo, which separated Montenegro from Serbia. The Sandjak of Novi Pazar had a mixed population of Albanians, Serbs, and Slavic-speaking Muslims.}}
18. ^{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Philip J.|last2=Riesman|first2=David|title=Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1PW_wnHYMC&pg=PA191|accessdate=2 January 2013|year=1996|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=9780890967607|pages=191–|quote=Before World War II, about 10,500 Jews lived in Belgrade, about 350 in Nis, about 250 in Novi Pazar (Sandzak)}}
19. ^Mušović, Ejup (1979), Etnički procesi i ethnička struktura stanovništva Novog Pazara, Etnografski Institut, 1979, p.48
20. ^{{cite web|title=Comparative Overview of the number of population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga20.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|accessdate=13 July 2014|format=PDF|year=2012}}
21. ^{{cite book|last1=Stanković|first1=Republika Srbija, Republički Zavod za Statistiku.|title=Comparative survey of population 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002 : data by localities|date=2004|publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku|location=Belgrade|isbn=86-84433-14-9|language=Serbian}}
22. ^¹{{cite web|title=UKUPNO STANOVNIŠTVO PO NARODNOSTI (1953)|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1953/Pdf/G19534001.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku|accessdate=15 July 2014}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Knjiga III: Nacionalni sastav stanovništva FNR Jugoslavije (1961)|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1961/Pdf/G19614001.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku|accessdate=15 July 2014|language=Serbian}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Knjiga III: Nacionalni sastav stanovništva FNR Jugoslavije (1971)|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1971/Pdf/G19714001.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku|accessdate=15 July 2014|language=Serbian}}
25. ^¹{{cite web|title=Nacionalni sastav stanovništva SFR Jugoslavije (1981)|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1981/Pdf/G19814001.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku|accessdate=15 July 2014}}
26. ^¹{{cite web|title=STANOVNIŠTVO PREMA NACIONALNOJ PRIPADNOSTI (1991)|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1991/pdf/G19914021.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku|accessdate=15 July 2014}}
27. ^¹{{cite web|title=Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u 2002.|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G2002/pdf/G20024001.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku|accessdate=15 July 2014|language=Serbian}}
28. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Nacionalna%20pripadnost-Ethnicity.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku|accessdate=15 July 2014}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=UKUPNO STANOVNIŠTVO PO NARODNOSTI (1948)|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1948/Pdf/G19484001.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku|accessdate=25 December 2016}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.novipazar.rs/gradska_uprava/skupstina_grada.asp |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120904092207/http://www.novipazar.rs/gradska_uprava/skupstina_grada.asp |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-09-04 |title=Skupština grada |publisher=Novipazar.rs |date= |accessdate=2014-08-08 }}
31. ^{{cite web|title=ОПШТИНЕ И РЕГИОНИ У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРБИЈИ, 2017.|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G2017/pdf/G20172023.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|accessdate=20 February 2018|language=Serbian}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.rs/eng/oldest_orthodox_church_balkans_serbian_orthodox_church_defaced|title=Oldest Orthodox church in Balkans (Serbian Orthodox Church) defaced|publisher=Spc.rs|accessdate=8 August 2014}}