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词条 2011 Moroccan constitutional referendum
释义

  1. Details

  2. Results

  3. References

  4. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}{{Politics of Morocco}}

A referendum on constitutional reforms was held in Morocco on 1 July 2011. It was called in response to a series of protests across Morocco that began on 20 February 2011 when over ten thousand Moroccans participated in demonstrations demanding democratic reforms. A commission was to draft proposals by June 2011.[1] A draft released on 17 June foresaw the following changes:[2][3][4]

  • requiring the King to name a Prime Minister from the largest party in Parliament;
  • handing a number of rights from the monarch to the PM, including dissolution of parliament;
  • allowing parliament to grant amnesty, previously a privilege of the monarch;
  • making Berber an official language alongside Arabic

The changes were reportedly approved by 98.49% of voters. Despite protest movements calling for a boycott of the referendum, government officials claimed turnout was 72.65%.[5][6]

Following the referendum, early parliamentary elections were held on 25 November 2011.

Details

The set of political reforms approved consisted of the following:[7]

  • The Amazigh language[8] is an official state language along with Arabic.[9]
  • The state preserves and protects the Hassānīya language and all the linguistic components of the Moroccan culture as a heritage of the nation.[9]
  • The king has the obligation to appoint a prime minister from the party that wins the most seats in the parliamentary elections. Previously, he could nominate a technocrat in this position if no party has a decisive advantage over the other parties in terms of the number of seats in the parliament.[5][10][13]
  • The king is no longer "sacred" but the "integrity of his person" is "inviolable".[11]
  • High administrative and diplomatic posts (including ambassadors, CEOs of state-owned companies, provincial and regional governors), are now appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the ministerial council which is presided by the king, previously the latter exclusively held this power.[12][13]
  • The prime minister is the head of government and president of the council of government, he has the power to dissolve the parliament.[14]
  • The prime minister will preside over the council of Government, which prepares the general policy of the state. Previously the king held this position.[14]
  • The parliament has the power of granting amnesty. Previously this was exclusively held by the king.[15]
  • The judiciary system is independent from the legislative and executive branch, the king guarantees this independence.[14][16]
  • Women are guaranteed "civic and social" equality with men. Previously, only "political" equality was guaranteed, though the 1996 constitution grants all citizens equality in terms of rights and before the law.[17]
  • The King would retain complete control of the armed forces, foreign policy, the judiciary; and matters pertaining to religion, and would also retain authority for choosing and dismissing prime ministers[18]
  • All citizens have the freedom of: thought, ideas, artistic expression and creation. Previously only free-speech and the freedom of circulation and association were guaranteed.[17][19]

Results

{{Referendum
| title = Moroccan constitutional referendum, 2011[20]
| yes = 9,653,492
| yespct = 98.50
| no = 146,718
| nopct = 1.50
| valid = 9,800,210
| validpct = 99.17
| invalid = 81,712
| invalidpct = 0.83
| total = 9,881,922
| turnoutpct = 73.46
| electorate = 13,451,404
}}

References

1. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j0MYxtMlsCeq-PDuippVtXjYHhmA?docId=CNG.5f4e1a89a5f643fa5f1a0508c3e346ae.921 |title=Morocco to vote on new constitution|agency=AFP |date=9 March 2011|archive-url=https://archive.is/20121208143951/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j0MYxtMlsCeq-PDuippVtXjYHhmA?docId=CNG.5f4e1a89a5f643fa5f1a0508c3e346ae.921|archive-date=8 December 2012|newspaper=Google News}}
2. ^{{cite news |url=http://derstandard.at/1308186346003/Koenig-will-Teil-seiner-Macht-abgeben |title=König will Teil seiner Macht abgeben|trans-title=King wants to give up part of his power|newspaper=Der Standard |date=18 June 2011|language=de|agency=APA}}
3. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hGslfqetBR6H8OtF0EE_-g7a6m3w?docId=CNG.a34015f151eac7ebaca25718db2e28aa.721 |title=Moroccan Islamists 'could reject constitution' |agency=AFP |newspaper=Google News|date=13 June 2011|archive-url=https://archive.is/20121209014254/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hGslfqetBR6H8OtF0EE_-g7a6m3w?docId=CNG.a34015f151eac7ebaca25718db2e28aa.721|archive-date=9 December 2012}}
4. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/17/us-morocco-reform-constitution-idUSTRE75G69820110617 |title=Morocco King to lose some powers, remain key figure|first=Souhail|last=Karam|newspaper=Reuters |date=17 June 2011|accessdate=9 February 2018}}
5. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13976480 |title=Morocco approves King Mohammed's constitutional reforms|newspaper=BBC News |date=2 July 2011|accessdate=9 February 2018}}
6. ^{{cite news |url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7427445.html |title=Moroccans approve new constitution by sweeping majority |newspaper=People's Daily Online |date=2 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019162657/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7427445.html|archivedate=19 October 2012|agency=Xinhua}}
7. ^{{cite web|publisher=BBC News |date=29 June 2011 |title=Q&A: Morocco's referendum on reform |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13964550}}
8. ^A standardized version of the 3 native Berber languages of Morocco: Tachelhit, Central Atlas Tamazight and Tarifit.
9. ^1 Article 5 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
10. ^Article 47 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
11. ^Article 46 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
12. ^Article 91 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
13. ^Article 49 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
14. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=AFP|title=Maroc: la réforme constitutionnelle préconise de limiter certains pouvoirs du roi|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/flash-actualite-monde/maroc-la-reforme-constitutionnelle-preconise-de-limiter-certains-pouvoirs-du-roi-17-06-2011-1498052.php|publisher=Parisien|accessdate=24 August 2011}}
15. ^Article 71 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
16. ^Article 107 of the 2011 Moroccan constitution
17. ^1 2 1996 Moroccan constitution
18. ^{{cite web |publisher=Voice of America |date=30 July 2011 |title=Moroccan King Calls for Prompt Parliamentary Elections |url= http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Moroccan-King-Calls-for-Prompt-Parliamentary-Elections-126457118.html}}
19. ^{{cite web|last=Driss Bennani, Mohammed Boudarham and Fahd Iraqi|title=nouvelle constitution. plus roi que jamais|url=http://www.telquel-online.com/479/couverture_479.shtml|publisher=Telquel|accessdate=24 August 2011}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.moroccoboard.com/news/5339-morocco-refrerendum-results |title=Morocco: Referendum Results |publisher=Morocco Board News Service |date=3 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729024659/http://www.moroccoboard.com/news/5339-morocco-refrerendum-results |archivedate=29 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}

External links

  • Full text of the proposed new Constitution: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110621053920/http://www.goud.ma/attachment/281139/ Arabic], French
{{Moroccan elections}}{{Mohammed VI |state=collapsed}}

5 : 2011 in Morocco|2011 referendums|2011–2012 Moroccan protests|Constitutional referendums in Morocco|Referendums in Morocco
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