| 词条 | N. S. Rajaram |
| 释义 |
Rajaram holds a Ph.D. degree in mathematics from Indiana University and taught in American universities for over 20 years.[1] IndologyRajaram has extensively published on topics related to ancient Indian history and Indian archaeology, alleging an Eurocentric bias in Indology and Sanskrit scholarship and arguing within the realms of "Indigenous Aryans" theory instead. He has criticized the process by which, he says, Eurocentric 19th century "Indologists / missionaries" arrived at many of their conclusions. Despite being dismissive of exploiting linguistics as a tool for historiography,[3] Rajaram questions how it was possible for 19th century European evangelical "Indologists / missionaries" to study and develop hypotheses on Indian history, claiming many of them were "functionally illiterate" in Indian languages, including even the fundamental classical language, Sanskrit. Rajaram suggests that: "Ancient Indian history is ripe for a thorough revision [...] one can begin by clearing away the cobwebs cast by questionable linguistic theories, [...] using every available modern tool from archaeology to computer science."[4] He advocates for the Indigenous Aryans hypothesis and rejects Indo-Aryan migration theory as a fabricated version of history devised for missionary and colonial interests, and later propounded by left-liberals and Marxists.[5][6] Dating the Vedas to circa 7000 BC, he propounds of the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley to be the end phase of the Vedic Age and a part of it.[5] In Puratattva, the journal of the Indian Archaeological Society, Rajaram has claimed that "Vedic Indians" taught the Pharoahs of Egypt to build the Pyramids.[7] He also asserts of the concept of secularism being irrelevant to a pluralistic state and thus claims that ancient Hindu India was a secular state.[8] Rajaram asserts that Islamic scriptures have played a more intricate role in Islamic Fundamentalism rather than socio-economic inequalities.[9] He also claimed to have deciphered the Indus script and of having equated it to late Vedic Sanskrit; both of which were later debunked[10] and of having developed a quantum mechanical proof which supposedly proves the irrationality of all prophet-based revealed religions. CriticismRajaram's contributions have been characterized by physicist and noted skeptic Alan Sokal as pseudoscience[11] and by other reviewers as "trash" and "crude" or "nonsensical" propaganda.[12] Sudeshna Guha notes him to be a sectarian non-scholar.[13] In 2000, Rajaram had flaunted a horse on an Indus seal as a path-breaking discovery that lend credence to the belief that Aryans were the actual inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization, until Michael Witzel and Steve Farmer exposed the fraud in the Frontline magazine later that year.[14][7] Romila Thapar, a noted historian, supported the expose against (what she deemed as) Hindutva driven historical revisionism.[15] Regarding the "Indus horse" hoax, Asko Parpola, professor of Indology at Helsinki University, stated that[12]{{cquote|It is sad that India's heritage should be exploited by some individuals — usually people with little or no academic credentials — who for political or personal motives are ready even to falsify evidence. In order to vindicate their ideology and promote their own ends, these persons appeal to the feelings of the 'common man' who, with full reason, is proud of his or her country's grand heritage. Thus far Rajaram has got away with this dishonesty because the scholarly community has not considered this work worthy of consideration: it has been taken more or less for granted that any sensible person can see through this trash and recognize it as such. However, the escalation of this nonsensical propaganda now demands the issue to be addressed. }} Rajaram's and Jha's claims of having deciphered the Indus script were universally rejected. Noted epigraphist and an expert in Indus scripts-- Iravatham Mahadevan dismissed Jha-Rajaram work as a "non-starter" and "completely invalid", that even mis-analysed the direction of reading.[16] Speaking from the chair of the President, on the occasion of the 2001 session of Indian History Congress, as to the recent advances in the deciphering of the Indus Script, Mahadevan noted that there were hardly any significant progress in the last decade. Concerning Rajaram's works, he notes:[17]-{{cquote|.....He recognises that he has to demolish the current theories if the model of decipherment presented by him is to be accepted. And he goes about the job of demolition with gusto in his inimitable polemical style...... Rajaram's outbursts speak for themselves and need no annotation. The first part of the book is not about academic research on the technical problem of deciphering an unknown script. It is crude communal propaganda with obvious political overtones, betraying deep mistrust of foreigners and alien ideologies and intolerance towards religious and linguistic minorities...... It is claimed that some of the mathematical, formulas of the Sulbasutras are found in the Indus inscriptions... The method is so flexible and easy to follow that one can, without much effort, read into the Indus texts almost any mathematical formula...}} Thapar noted Rajaram's writings to resemble nineteenth century tracts that were evidently unfamiliar with tools of historiography but were sprinkled with programming references; so as to suggest scientific objectivity. She also noted that anybody who disagreed with him were branded as a Marxist.[5] K. N. Panikkar criticized his works to be a communal intervention in historiography that was not an academic exercise in quest of truth but rather a political project knowingly undertaken with a cavalier attitude to the established norms of the discipline, so as to hamper the secular fabric of the society and lead to the establishment of a Hindu state.[18] Endowed with the support of the ruling party, this succeeded in floating an alternative narrative of history and turning history into a contentious issue in popular discourse.[18]Cynthia Ann Humes criticized Rajaram's Politics of History as a polemic work[19] whilst Suraj Bhan noted it to be a demonstration of historical revisionism.[20]See also
Notes1. ^1 {{Cite book|title=A place at the multicultural table the development of an American Hinduism|author=Kurien, Prema A.|date=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=|isbn=9780813540559|location=|pages=255|oclc=703221465}} 2. ^{{cite web|last=Magazine|first=Folks|title=Folks Magazine's Editorial Board|url=http://folks.co.in/about/management-team/|accessdate=28 August 2011}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|author=Bryant, Edwin|date=March 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780195169478|location=|pages=347, 82|oclc=697790495}} 4. ^Rajaram 1995, page 230, (cited in Bryant 2001 page 74 5. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|author=Bryant, Edwin|date=March 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780195169478|location=|pages=281|oclc=697790495}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate|author=Bryant, Edwin|date=March 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=9780195169478|location=|pages=287, 280|oclc=697790495}} 7. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-rewriting-of-history/214549|title=The Rewriting Of History...|website=https://www.outlookindia.com/}} 8. ^{{Cite book|title=Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India|first=Meera|last=Nanda|date=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=|isbn=9780813536347|location=|pages=53,54,103|oclc=1059017715}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Coughlin|first=Stephen Collins|date=2007|title="TO OUR GREAT DETRIMENT":: IGNORING WHAT EXTREMISTS SAY ABOUT JIHAD (with appendices)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep05072}} 10. ^{{Cite book|title=A place at the multicultural table the development of an American Hinduism|author=Kurien, Prema A.|date=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=|isbn=9780813540559|location=|pages=168|oclc=703221465}} 11. ^Rajaram's claim that Many of the questions arising in Quantum Physics today had been anticipated by Swami Vivekananda heads the chapter on Hindu nationalism in Alan Sokal's 2004 essay on Pseudoscience and Postmodernism 12. ^1 A. Parpola, Of Rajaram's 'Horses', 'decipherment' and civilisational issues, Frontline, November 2000 . 13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Guha|first=Sudeshna|date=2005|title=Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876625|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=39|issue=2|pages=399–426|issn=0026-749X}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1723/17231260.htm|title=New Evidence on the 'Piltdown Horse' Hoax|website=frontline.thehindu.com|access-date=2019-03-29}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/hindutva-and-history/article6805140.ece|title=Hindutva and history|website=Frontline|access-date=2019-03-29}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1723/17231250.htm|title=One sees what one wants to|website=frontline.thehindu.com|access-date=2019-03-29}} 17. ^{{Cite journal|last=MAHADEVAN|first=IRAVATHAM|date=2001|title=GENERAL PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS: ARYAN OR DRAVIDIAN OR NEITHER? A STUDY OF RECENT ATTEMPTS TO DECIPHER THE INDUS SCRIPT (1995-2000)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44155743|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=62|pages=1–23|issn=2249-1937}} 18. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Panikkar|first=K. N.|date=2003|title=Colonialism, Culture and Revivalism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518287|journal=Social Scientist|volume=31|issue=1/2|pages=3–16|doi=10.2307/3518287|issn=0970-0293}} 19. ^{{Cite journal|last=Humes|first=Cynthia Ann|date=2012|title=Hindutva, Mythistory, and Pseudoarchaeology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23244958|journal=Numen|volume=59|issue=2/3|pages=178–201|issn=0029-5973}} 20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bhan|first=Suraj|date=1997|title=Recent Trends in Indian Archaeology|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517757|journal=Social Scientist|volume=25|issue=1/2|pages=3–15|doi=10.2307/3517757|issn=0970-0293}} External links
7 : 1943 births|Living people|Indian social sciences writers|Writers from Mysore|Indigenous Aryanists|20th-century Indian mathematicians|Scientists from Karnataka |
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