词条 | Nubi language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
|name=Nubi Arabic |states= Uganda, Kenya |speakers= 44,300 |date=2009-2014 |ref=[1] |familycolor=Creole |fam1=Arabic-based creole |ancestor =Bimbashi Arabic |script=Arabic |iso3=kcn |glotto=nubi1253 |glottorefname=Nubi |notice=IPA }} The Nubi language (also called Ki-Nubi) is a Sudanese Arabic-based creole language spoken in Uganda around Bombo, and in Kenya around Kibera, by the descendants of Emin Pasha's Sudanese soldiers who were settled there by the British colonial administration. It was spoken by about 15,000 people in Uganda in 1991 (according to the census), and an estimated 10,000 in Kenya; another source estimates about 50,000 speakers as of 2001. 90% of the lexicon derives from Arabic,[2] but the grammar has been simplified,[3] as has the sound system. Nairobi has the greatest concentration of Nubi speakers.[4] Nubi has the prefixing, suffixing and compounding processes also present in Arabic.[5] The Nubi speakers are Kakwa who came from the Nubian region, first into Equatoria, and from there southwards into Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Idi Amin, who was Kakwa, recruited the Kawa and Nubians into his army, to kill the Acholi and Lango.[6][7] Jonathan Owens argues that Nubi constitutes a major counterexample to Derek Bickerton's theories of creole language formation, showing "no more than a chance resemblance to Bickerton's universal creole features" despite fulfilling perfectly the historical conditions expected to lead to such features.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} GrammarPhonologyVowels[4][2]There are five vowels in Nubi. Vowels are not distinguished by length except in at least two exceptions from Kenyan Nubi (which are not present in Ugandan dialects) where "bara" means "outside" and is an adverb while "baara" means "the outside" and is a noun, and also where "saara" meaning "bewitch" is compared to "sara" meaning "herd, cattle". Despite this, there is a tendency for vowels in stressed syllables to be registered as long vowels.[2]
Each of the vowels has multiple allophones and the exact sound of the vowel depends on the surrounding consonants.[2] Consonants[4][2]
Speakers may use Standard Arabic phonemes for words for which the Arabic pronunciation has been learned. The a retroflex version of the /r/ sound may also occur and some dialects use /l/ in its place. Geminates are very unusual in Nubi. These less common phonemes are shown in brackets.[4] [2] Ineke Wellens gives the following orthography for Nubi where it differs from the IPA symbols: /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ = sh; /t{{IPA|ʃ}}/ = ch; /{{IPA|dʒ}}/ = j; /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ = ny; /w/ = w or u; /j/ = y or i; /{{IPA|θ}}/ = th; /{{IPA|ð}}/ = dh; /x/ = kh; /{{IPA|ħ}}/ = ḥ.[2] Syllable StructureSyllables typically have a CV, VC, V or CVC structure with VC only occurring in initial syllables. Final and initial CC occur only in a few specific examples such as "skul" which means "school" or "sems" which means "sun".[4]Stress can change the meaning of words for example "saba" means "seven" or "morning" depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllables respectively. Vowels are often omitted in unstressed, final syllables and sometime even the stressed final "u" in the passive form may be deleted after "m", "n", "l", "f" or "b". This can caused syllables to be realigned even across words.[4]NominalsNouns are inflected by number only (taking a singular or plural form) although for most nouns this does not represent a morphological change. Jonathan Owens gives 5 broad noun classes of nouns:[4]
The table below shows examples of each type of pluralisation. The apostrophe has been placed before the stressed syllable:[4]
See also
Bibliography
References1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kcn|title=Nubi|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-08-08|language=en}} {{Eastern Sudanic languages}}{{Languages of Kenya}}{{Languages of Uganda}}{{Varieties of Arabic}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nubi Language}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Ineke Wellens. The Nubi Language of Uganda: An Arabic Creole in Africa. BRILL, 2005 {{ISBN|90-04-14518-4}} 3. ^{{cite book |title=Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties |author=Clive Holes |year=2004 |publisher=Georgetown U P |isbn=9781589010222 |pages=421 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8E0Rr1xY4TQC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26 |accessdate=2017-03-23}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{Cite journal|last=Owens|first=Jonathan|date=2006|title=Creole Arabic|url=https://www.academia.edu/7551407/Creole_Arabic|journal=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics|language=en|volume=|pages=518-27|via=}} 5. ^{{cite book |title=Deconstructing Creole |author1=Umberto Ansaldo |author2=Stephen Matthews |author3=Lisa Lim |year=2007 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=9789027229854 |pages=290 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mpnPLUuwAC&dq=kouwenberg+creole+2003+inflection |accessdate=2010-01-20}} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkSP9XUIAKsC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=kakwa+nubians&source=bl&ots=vo4OICTTZE&sig=-C22qmbLmekVtHrJEPs79uNbkwA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQj4TxpoTSAhVD-GMKHUxtBXwQ6AEIKTAD#v=onepage&q=kakwa%20nubians&f=false|title=Uganda Since Independence: A Story of Unfulfilled Hopes|last=Mutibwa|first=Phares Mukasa|date=1992-01-01|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=9780865433571|language=en}} 7. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/04/06/amin-buys-loyalty-of-soldiers/92db022c-dc34-4a6a-af97-56eae2ccf728/] {{dead link|date=December 2018}} 6 : Arab diaspora in Africa|Arabic-based pidgins and creoles|Languages of Kenya|Languages of Uganda|South Sudanese diaspora|Sudanese diaspora |
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