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词条 2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal
释义

  1. Overview

  2. Critical Events

  3. Investigation

  4. Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) investigation

  5. Cancellation of the contract by the Indian Government

  6. Decision-Makers

  7. CBI probe

  8. Recovery of bank guarantee

  9. Italian Court judgments

  10. References

{{distinguish|Agusta scandal}}

"Choppergate" redirects here. For the controversy which occurred on Nine News Queensland in August 2011, see Nine News Queensland#"Choppergate" controversy.

{{EngvarB|date=May 2016}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}

Also referred to as the AugustaWestland VVIP chopper deal, the Indian helicopter bribery scandal refers to a multimillion-dollar corruption case in India, wherein money was paid to middlemen and Indian officials in 2006 and 2007 to purchase helicopters for high level politicians.[1] As per the CBI, this amounted to {{INRConvert|2.5|b}}, transferred through bank accounts in the UK and UAE.

It came to light in early 2013, when an Indian national parliamentary investigation began into allegations of bribery and corruption involving several senior officials and a helicopter manufacturer AgustaWestland surrounding the purchase of a new fleet of helicopters. The scandal has been referred to as the Chopper scam or Choppergate by the media and popular press.[2] Several Indian politicians and military officials were accused of accepting bribes from AgustaWestland in order to win the {{INRConvert|36|b}} Indian contract for the supply of 12 AgustaWestland AW101 helicopters; these helicopters are intended to perform VVIP duties for the President of India and other important state officials.[3] Ahmed Patel, political secretary to Congress President Sonia Gandhi, is alleged by Italian prosecutors to have received kickbacks from the deal.[4]

A note presented in the Italian court, sent by middleman Christian Michel (who was extradited to India on December 4, 2018), asks Peter Hulett, an Agusta Westland employee, to target key advisors to Sonia Gandhi and lists their names as Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Ahmed Patel, Pranab Mukherjee, M. Veerappa Moily, Oscar Fernandes, M. K. Narayanan and Vinay Singh. The note also contains the bribes to be paid out, divided as "AF" €6 million, "BUR" €8.4 million, "Pol" €6 million and "AP" €3 million.[5][6][7] On January 8, 2018, the third Court of Appeals of Milan acquitted the defendants on all charges [8]

The case continues to be investigated in India by the Indian government and the CBI.[1]

Overview

The Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD) signed a contract to purchase 12 AgustaWestland AW101 helicopters in February 2010 for the Communication Squadron of Indian Air Force to carry the president, PM and other VVIPs. Controversy over the contract came to light on 12 February 2013 with the arrest of Giuseppe Orsi, the CEO of Finmeccanica, AgustaWestland's parent company by Italian authorities over corruption and bribery charges;[9] the following day Indian Defence Minister A.K. Antony ordered a probe into the contract.[10]

Critical Events

  • On 25 March 2013, India's Defence Minister A.K. Antony confirmed corruption allegations by stating: "Yes, corruption has taken place in the helicopter deal and bribes have been taken. The CBI is pursuing the case very vigorously."[11] As of June 2014, the Indian government has recovered a total amount of {{INRConvert|20.68|b}}[13] and has recovered around {{INRConvert|16.2|b}} (45% of the total contract value {{INRConvert|36|b}}) it had paid to AgustaWestland.[14]
  • On 8 April 2016, the Milan Court of Appeal, in a 225-page judgement, overturned a lower court verdict and convicted helicopter manufacturer AgustaWestland's executive Giuseppe Orsi to four years' imprisonment for paying a €30 million bribe to Indian politicians, bureaucrats and Indian Air Force officials.[12]
  • On 9 December 2016, the CBI arrested former Indian Air Force Chief S.P. Tyagi along with his cousin Sanjeev Tyagi and lawyer Gautam Khaitan.[13] In September 2017, the CBI filed a formal chargesheet against S.P. Tyagi and nine others.
  • On 16 December 2016, the Italian Supreme Court of Cassazione cancelled the April 2016 conviction sentence, and ordered a retrial to be held again in Milan.
  • On January 8, 2018, the third Court of Appeals of Milan acquitted the defendants on all charges [8]
  • On 5 December 2018, Christian Michel, the alleged middleman was extradited to India from Dubai.[14]
  • On 31 January 2019, Another co-accused Rajeev Saxena and lobbyist Deepak Talwar were extradited to India from Dubai.[15]

Investigation

After a huge controversy and allegations of corruption,[16][17] Defence Minister A.K. Antony, on 12 February, ordered an investigation by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).[18][19]

On 25 February 2013, CBI registered a Preliminary Enquiry (PE) against 11 persons including the former Indian Air Force Chief, Air Chief Marshal S.P. Tyagi, and his cousins, besides four companies.[20] After carrying out the preliminary enquiry, the CBI found sufficient evidence and registered an FIR on 13 March. The FIR named 13 persons including: former Indian Air Force Chief, Air Chief Marshal S.P. Tyagi, his three brothers: Juli, Docsa and Sandeep, the brother of former Union minister Santosh Bagrodia, Satish Bagrodia, and Pratap Aggarwal (Chairman and Managing Director of IDS Infotech). The FIR also named four companies - Italy-based Finmeccanica, UK-based AgustaWestland and Chandigarh-based IDS Infotech and Aeromatrix.[21][22]

In 2013, billionaire Indian arms dealer Abhishek Verma and his Romanian born wife Anca Neacsu were named suspects in this scandal. Abhishek had played the role of a middleman in the deal and had interfaced with the politicians in securing CCS clearance from the Cabinet Committee. This nexus was exposed by TimesNow TV with their global investigation.[23][24] According to the investigators, part of the bribes from AgustaWestland was sent to Abhishek's companies Atlas Defence Systems[25] accounts in Mauritius, to Bermuda accounts of Atlas Group Ltd and the other part was diverted to his wife's front company in New York Ganton Limited.[26][27] These funds are suspected to have been sent to Indian politicians who were beneficiaries in this scandal. BJP leader Subramanian Swamy had first identified the role of Abhishek Verma[28] and his wife Anca Neacsu[29] in 2013 in several of his blogs and press-releases.[30][31]

In September 2015, a special CBI court issued an open non-bailable warrant (NBW) against Christian Michel based on a CBI report that he was needed to be questioned in the case to know how much amount he had received as "commission" in the deal. The CBI said that "Based on this arrest warrant, Interpol India would be requested to issue a Red Corner Notice against Christian Michel James and execute said warrant."[32] In an interview to a newspaper, he denied any wrongdoing by stating that he had never met any "Gandhi" in his life.[33]

Enforcement Directorate (ED) is investigating money laundering allegations. In March 2015, the ED traced and identified the properties worth around {{INR}}1.12 crore owned by Christian Michel and issued a provisional attachment order. The ED claimed that Michel bought a flat in south Delhi's Safdarjung Enclave in the name of media firm Media Exim using the bribe money. He was also reportedly in possession of a luxury car and a Fixed Deposit of {{INR}}54 lakh. In September 2015, the adjudicating authority confirmed the attachment of properties and allowed the agency to retain the properties.[34] In September 2015, the ED attached assets worth about {{INR}}7 crore alleged to be in the name of family members of ex-IAF Chief S. P. Tyagi.[35]

The CBI and the ED have sent letters rogatory to as many as eight countries including Italy, Tunisia,[36] Mauritius, the UAE, the UK, Switzerland, Singapore and the British Virgin Islands.[32][37]

Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) investigation

{{See also|Joint Parliamentary Committee}}

On 27 February 2013, UPA-II Government introduced a motion in Rajya Sabha (the upper house of the Parliament of India) for an investigation led by a 30-member Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC). The motion was passed after a walkout by most of the opposition parties like BJP, JD(U), Trinamool Congress, CPI, TDP and AGP.[43][38] During the debate, Leader of the Opposition Arun Jaitley said the JPC was an "exercise in futility" and a "diversionary tactic." He argued that the case involved various legal aspects such as extradition of accused foreigners and custodial interrogation and the JPC can have "none of these powers," leaving it ineffective. Many opposition members demanded Supreme Court-monitored investigation (on the similar lines of 2G spectrum case). Demands were also made to establish money trail and issue Letter Rogatory (LR).[39]

The UPA government initially denied all allegations and claimed it has "nothing to hide" and that "our track record is not cover up."[39]

Cancellation of the contract by the Indian Government

India cancelled the {{INR}}3,600 crore deal with AgustaWestland in January 2014. The government cancelled the contract "on grounds of breach of the Pre-contract Integrity Pact and the agreement by AWIL (AgustaWestland International Ltd)". The contract was frozen in February 2013 after allegations surfaced that {{INRConvert|36|b}} was paid as a bribe.

[40]

Decision-Makers

Senior officials involved in the decision-making process that led to the selection of the AgustaWestland helicopters for VVIP use were M. K. Narayanan (Indian Police Service (IPS), former Director Intelligence Bureau (India) and NSA); B V Wanchoo (IPS, and Chief of Special Protection Group); and Shashi Kant Sharma, IAS, and former defence secretary.[41] After their tenures at the centre, the UPA Government made M.K. Narayanan governor of West Bengal, B.V. Wanchoo governor of Goa and Shashikant Sharma Comptroller and Auditor General of India.[41]

CBI probe

The CBI approached Union Law Ministry to record statements of M. K. Narayanan and B. V. Wanchoo in January 2014.[42] M.K Narayanan and B. V. Wanchoo were West Bengal and Goa Governors respectively at the time of CBI's request. Their statements were considered vital as they were National Security Adviser and Special Protection Group (SPG) chief at the time of the signing of the contract with AgustaWestland. Their views were also considered before the Indian Government signed the contract with AgustaWestland. However, Kapil Sibal's Union Law ministry stonewalled the CBI probe by rejecting CBI's request to examine them under the usual excuse of "immunity." The CBI, therefore, approached President Pranab Mukherjee to seek permission to examine ex-NSA and ex-chief of SPG.[43] M. K. Narayanan and B. V. Wanchoo were questioned by CBI later in June and July 2014 respectively.[44][45]

Recovery of bank guarantee

After the cancellation of the contract, India encashed over {{INRConvert|2.5|b}} made by AgustaWestland as a bank guarantee in the Indian banks in January 2014.[46] Separately, India requested the Italian government to retrieve the bank guarantee amount made by the firm in Italian banks which was more than €275 million ({{INR}}23.64 billion).[47][48] On 17 March 2014, a request made by India was rejected by an Italian court.[49] However, the appellate court in Milan reversed the lower court's judgement and upheld the claims of the Indian government.[50] Accordingly, in June 2014, the Indian government encashed {{INRConvert|18.18|b}}, taking the total amount recovered so far to {{INRConvert|20.68|b}}.[51] With this, India was reported to have recovered the entire amount of around {{INRConvert|16.2|b}} (45% of the total contract value {{INRConvert|36|b}}) it had paid to AgustaWestland.[52] However, it was later reported that AgustaWestland had not returned the entire amount, and kept €106 million for three helicopters it had delivered.[53]

Italian Court judgments

The Italian court, investigating the case in October 2014, acquitted ex-IAF Chief S.P. Tyagi of all corruption charges.[54] It also acquitted the former Finmeccanica CEO Giuseppe Orsi and former AgustaWestland head Bruno Spagnolini of “charges of international corruption.” The court, however, convicted and sentenced them to two years in prison on the lesser charge of “false invoicing” in the case.

[55] On 8 April 2016, the Milan Court of Appeal, in a 225-page judgement, overturned the lower court verdict and sentenced Giuseppe Orsi to four years' imprisonment.[12]

Then, on 16 December 2016, the Corte di Cassazione (Supreme Court) cancelled the Appeals Court guilty verdict, and ordered a retrial, referring the matter to a different Court of Appeal, always in Milan.[56]

After nine months of proceedings, on 8 January 2018, the Milan Third Court of Appeals finally cleared the defendants and dismissed all charges, citing lack of sufficient evidence to support the allegations [8]

References

1. ^1 {{cite news |title=CBI gets Michel custody: Bank linked to payoff taken over, account details are missing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bank-linked-to-payoff-taken-over-account-details-are-missing-5480551/ |accessdate=6 December 2018 |publisher=Indian Express |date=5 December 2018}}
2. ^{{cite news|title=SEARCH RESULTS FOR Choppergate|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/advanced_search.jsp?searchword=Choppergate&searchtype=text&search_type=article|accessdate=4 March 2013|newspaper=India Today}}
3. ^{{cite news |last= Kumar|first= Vinay|title=Chopper scam: Long-drawn legal battle ahead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chopper-scam-longdrawn-legal-battle-ahead/article4428630.ece |work= The Hindu |date= 18 February 2013 |accessdate=25 February 2013 |location=Chennai, India}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/does-ap-mean-ahmed-patel-asks-prosecutor-in-italy-court-middleman-says-dont-know/|title=Does AP mean Ahmed Patel, asks prosecutor in Italy court; middleman says don’t know|date=10 January 2014|work=The Indian Express}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/agustawestland-vvip-chopper-scam-note-sonia-gandhi-manmohan-singh/1/341261.html|title=Sonia Gandhi, PM tainted by chopper scam as note reveals Agusta was advised to target top leaders to win contract|publisher=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/agustawestland-scam-has-upa-subverted-india-into-a-kleptocracy-asks-jaitley/449527-37-64.html|title=AgustaWestland scam: Has UPA subverted India into a kleptocracy, asks Jaitley|work=News18}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/target-sonia-her-key-advisers-middleman-told-agustawestland-1370205.html|title='Target' Sonia, her key advisers: Middleman told AgustaWestland|author=FP Staff|date=2 February 2014|work=Firstpost}}
8. ^1 2 https://in.reuters.com/article/leonardo-india-corruption-trial/italian-court-clears-former-leonardo-bosses-in-india-corruption-case-idINKBN1EX159?il=0
9. ^{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/uk-orsi-finmeccanica-idUKBRE91B09K20130212 |title=Finmeccanica head arrested over India bribe allegations |author=Emilio Parodi and Stephen Jewkes |publisher=Reuters |date=12 February 2013}}
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11. ^{{cite news|title=Bribes were taken in the VVIP helicopter deal, admits Defence Minister AK Antony|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/chopper-scam-helcopter-deal-was-tainted-admits-ak-antony/1/259311.html|accessdate=19 March 2013|newspaper=India today|date=25 March 2013}}
12. ^1 {{cite web | title=CBI Seeks Italian Court's Order On AgustaWestland Graft | website=NDTV.com | date=27 April 2016 | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cbi-seeks-italian-courts-order-on-agustawestland-graft-1399825 | accessdate=3 May 2016}}
13. ^{{cite news|last1=Pandey|first1=Devesh K.|title=Former Air Force chief Tyagi arrested by CBI in AgustaWestland case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-air-force-chief-tyagi-arrested-by-cbi-in-agustawestland-case/article16784677.ece|accessdate=25 October 2017|work=The Hindu|date=9 December 2016|language=en-IN}}
14. ^{{cite news |last1=Ohri |first1=Raghav |title=Christian Michel lands in India, to face court today |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/agustawestland-deal-middleman-christian-michel-lands-in-new-delhi/articleshow/66943452.cms |accessdate=28 February 2019 |work=The Economic Times |date=5 December 2018}}
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18. ^{{cite news|title=CBI probe ordered|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/cbi-probe-ordered-into-italian-chopper-deal/article4409584.ece|accessdate=5 October 2013|date=13 February 2013|location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu|first=Vinay|last=Kumar}}
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33. ^{{cite news|title=VVIP chopper scam: Never met Sonia Gandhi in my life, says accused middleman|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/agustawestland-vvip-chopper-scam-never-met-sonia-gandhi-in-my-life-says-alleged-middleman-james-christian-michel-330233|agency=ABP News Bureau|publisher=ABP Live|date=27 April 2016}}
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48. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/italy-judge-rejects-india-bid-to-recover-agustawestland-guarantees-496745|title= Italy judge rejects India bid to recover AgustaWestland guarantees|date=18 March 2014|work=NDTV}}
49. ^{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Italy-judge-rejects-India-request-to-recover-AgustaWestland-guarantees-Sources/articleshow/32214505.cms |title=Italy judge rejects India request to recover AgustaWestland guarantees: Sources |date=18 March 2014 |work=Times of India |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318124406/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Italy-judge-rejects-India-request-to-recover-AgustaWestland-guarantees-Sources/articleshow/32214505.cms |archivedate=18 March 2014 }}
50. ^{{cite news|title=India to encash 228 m euros bank guarantees of Agusta|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/india-to-encash-228-m-euros-bank-guarantees-of-agusta/|accessdate=8 June 2014}}
51. ^1 {{cite news|title=India recovers Rs.1818 crore from AgustaWestland|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/chopper-scam-india-recovers-1818-crore-from-agustawestland/1/365727.html|accessdate=8 June 2014}}
52. ^1 {{cite news|title=India Scraps Rs.3,600 crore AgustaWestland Chopper Deal|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/India-Scraps-Rs.3600-crore-AgustaWestland-Chopper-Deal/2014/01/01/article1976905.ece|accessdate=8 June 2014}}
53. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/agusta-hasnt-returned-106-million-euros-for-3-choppers-sources-to-ndtv-1400632 |title=AgustaWestland Hasn't Returned 106 Million Euros For 3 Choppers: Sources |date=29 April 2016 |work=NDTV }}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/agustawestland-chopper-scam-no-corruption-by-ex-iaf-chief-sp-tyagi-italian-court/1/446820.html|title=AgustaWestland chopper scam: No corruption by ex-IAF chief SP Tyagi, says Italian court|publisher=}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/chopper-scam-two-ex-bosses-of-finmeccanica-cleared-of-graft|title=Chopper scam: Finmeccanica ex-heads cleared of graft charge, get 2 yrs in jail|date=10 October 2014|work=The Indian Express}}
56. ^https://thewire.in/87655/agustawestland-finmeccanica-retrial/
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian helicopter bribery scandal, 2013}}

13 : 2013 crimes in India|2013 in Italy|21st-century scandals|AgustaWestland|Bribery scandals|Corruption in defence procurement in India|Cover-ups|Criminal investigation|Manmohan Singh administration|Military scandals|Political scandals in India|Political scandals in Italy|Weapons trade
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