| 词条 | 2013 Latakia offensive |
| 释义 |
|conflict= 2013 Latakia offensive |partof= the Syrian Civil War |image=Latakia Offensive Map.svg |image_size =300px |caption=Situation in the Latakia Governorate in August 2013{{leftlegend|#EDC4BE|Syrian Army control}}{{leftlegend|#CDEBC9|Opposition control}} |date= 4–19 August 2013 ({{Age in months, weeks and days|year1=2013|month1=8|day1=4|year2=2013|month2=8|day2=19}}) |place=Latakia Governorate, Syria |result= Syrian Army victory
|combatant1={{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Al-Qaeda
|combatant2={{flagicon|Syria}} Syrian Arab Republic
|commander1= Walid Aouss{{KIA}} (Rejal Ahoudou Allah Leader)[5] Kahtane Haaj Mohammed{{KIA}} (al-Tawhid Brigade Commander)[6] Ans Chyghani{{KIA}} (Al Izzatullah wal nasr minAllah Brigade Commander)[7] Abu Moaz[2] (Ahrar al-Sham Commander) Abu Mustafa[2] (Ansar al-Din Commander) Muslim Abu Walid al Shishani[3] (Junud al-Sham Commander) Abu al-Hassan Ammar{{KIA}} |commander2= Hilal al-Assad (Latakia NDF commander)[9] Nizar al-Khatib{{KIA}} (Tartus NDF commander)[10] Mihrac Ural (Syrian Resistance Commander) |units1= Suqour al-Ezz[2][11][12] Liwa al-Mujahideen[12] Kataib Ansar al-Sham[11] Harakat Sham al-Islam[12] Katibat al Muhajiroon[2] Ahrar ash-Sham[2] Ansar al-Din Front[2] Junud al-Sham[3] |units2=1st Armoured Division
|strength1= 1,500–2,000 fighters[13]
|strength2= 5,000 soldiers |casualties1= 107 fighters killed[15] (up until Army counter-attack) |casualties2= 114–127 soldiers[16] and 44 militiamen killed[3] |casualties3= 190–205 civilians killed[3] }}{{Campaignbox Syrian uprising}} The 2013 Latakia offensive, (called The Descendants of Aisha, Mother of the Believers by Salafist jihadists,[33] and the Operation Liberation of the Coast[12] by the Free Syrian Army and its supporters) was a campaign during the Syrian civil war launched by Salafist jihadist groups and[12]rebel forces in the Latakia Governorate. The stated aim of the offensive was to conquer al-Haffah city, but government supporters assumed conquering Mount Nabi Younes was more likely the real aim.[1] A calculated side effect may have been to spark more sectarian violence in Syria[13] by carrying out a sectarian attack on an Alawite-majority area.[17] The offensive began in early August 2013. During the campaign, rebel forces captured a dozen villages.[1] However, in mid-August, the military counter-attacked and recaptured all of the territory previously lost to the rebels.[1][41] OffensiveRebel advanceOn 4 August 2013, an estimated 1,500 to 2,000 rebel fighters, 300 of them foreigners,[13] launched an offensive from the rebel-held town of Salma further into the predominantly pro-government Alawite Latakia province. The offensive started with a rebel attack on 10 Alawite villages in the Jabal al-Akrad mountain area.[18] Rebel tanks were also deployed, firing on the villages. Throughout the day, ambulances rushed wounded government fighters to Latakia city from the frontline. As for rebel casualties, Tunisians, Libyans, Saudis and Jordanians were among those reported killed in the initial attacks.[19] In one instance during the fighting, a foreign rebel suicide-bomber detonated his car killing at least 15 NDF militiamen and Army soldiers.[20] By the end of the first day of fighting, rebels had seized five villages[21] and captured 400 Alawite villagers and pro-government militiamen,[22] including a pro-government Alawite cleric, Badr Ghazal.[21] Hundreds of Alawite civilians fled to Latakia.[49] On 5 August 2013, rebels further advanced to the outskirts of the Alawite village of Aramo, 20 km from Qardaha, president Bashar al-Assad's hometown which also contains the mausoleum of Assad's father, Hafez al-Assad. Rebel forces were using freshly supplied anti-tank missiles to a reportedly devastating effect with one opposition activist claiming three Army tanks were destroyed on a hilltop overlooking Salma.[23] Later, it was reported that opposition forces had captured Aramo, along with one other village.[24] Rebels also made attempts to advance in the Jabal Turkman mountain area. However, during the second day of the fighting, government forces launched a counter-attack and managed to recapture one of the five villages they lost the previous day, Beit al-Shakuhi. The counter-attack came as fresh government reinforcements started to arrive in an attempt to push back the rebels.[21] While the rebel offensive was praised by some of their sympathizers, others were opposed to opening up the front, with one opposition activist noting that the rebels "have a habit of escalating without preparing as soon as they feel they have enough weapons. But they are not ready... and the regime's response will be crazy."[21] The United States, a main backer of the FSA, was against targeting Latakia, because it could spark revenge attacks by Alawites against its majority Sunni population and increase the flow of refugees. Other foreign diplomats said the coastal area and its mountain villages could be the scene of a bloodbath against the Alawites if Islamist radicals end up eventually gaining the upper hand.[23] On 6 August 2013, the opposition activist group the SOHR claimed that rebels had overrun 11 Alawite villages in the previous three days. A security source played down the report saying that only two villages were still rebel-held after an Army counter-attack.[25] SOHR also reported that a number of executions had been conducted during the course of the offensive.[26] Four hilltop military posts that were shelling rebel-held villages were also reportedly captured by opposition forces.[14] On 7 August 2013, an Alawite cleric confirmed 13 villages were captured by rebel forces, but stated that six of them had already been recaptured by the Army the previous day. He also claimed that the rebels killed more than 100 people in sectarian massacres against the villagers, most of them women and children.[27] Two days later, SOHR confirmed that dozens of Alawite civilians had been killed in the area.[28] Other activists also reported 60 civilians had been killed in the offensive.[29] On 9 August 2013, opposition activists reported that FSA commanders had issued orders to their battalions in the province to halt their advances and retreat from villages they had captured, the reason being that arms supplies to the rebels had been halted in the previous hours. However, senior FSA sources denied that a retreat order was issued. One opposition activist stated that rebel fighters actually rejected the FSA’s request to retreat, due to the arms shortage, and resorted to using the ammunition they seized from government forces during the fighting.[30] Later during the day, the Syrian Army attacked three villages, with state media claiming the military managed to recapture all three. However, activists stated government forces managed to recapture one village,[29] Qashba,[31] while fighting was still ongoing in the other two.[29] Rebel forces, in turn, claimed in an online video to had managed to capture the village of Kharratah, three kilometers south of Salma.[32] However, the village had already been confirmed as captured by rebel forces at the start of the offensive days earlier.[27] During the night, several air-strikes hit Salma killing 20 people. 10 of them were rebel fighters, including four foreigners, and 10 were civilians.[33] By 11 August, reports emerged of mass civilian killings by rebel forces in the captured Alawite villages, as well as the abduction of hundreds of others.[34] Army counter-attackOn 16 August 2013, the military launched a counter-attack, reportedly quickly capturing two villages.[69] On 18 August 2013, the Syrian Army claimed to have recaptured nine villages over the previous two days. An opposition activist confirmed that the rebels lost seven villages, but stated that they managed to once again capture five of them.[35] Later, the SOHR acknowledged that the military made gains and recaptured several Alawite villages during the day.[36] They added that the Army killed scores of foreign fighters, including a Libyan emir of the al-Qaeda-linked group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[37] The air force bombarded rebel positions in the Jabal al-Akrad mountains, during which a fighter jet was reportedly shot down and its pilot captured by the rebels.[36] On 19 August 2013, state media reported that the Army recaptured all rebel-held positions in Latakia after capturing the Nabi Ashia mountain range and adjoining areas in the north of the province. According to a security source, the only remaining rebel-held area was in and around the town of Salma,[38] from which the rebels launched their offensive. Opposition activists confirmed the Army recaptured nine Alawite villages, but stated that fighting was still ongoing in two more. Government troops had also retaken all of the military observation posts which rebels seized at the start of their offensive.[39] It was later confirmed that all of the villages had been recaptured by the military.[1] Rebel massacre of civiliansOn 26 August 2013, the SOHR reported that the kidnapped Alawite cleric, Badr Ghazal, had been executed by the Al-Nusra Front.[40] More than a month after the offensive had ended, additional reports emerged of civilian killings by rebel fighters. According to one report, two mass graves were found. Kidnapped women had also been shipped off in trucks to be raped by rebel fighters. 62–140 civilians were estimated to had been massacred, with another 105–199 missing or confirmed as kidnapped.[41] On 11 October, Human Rights Watch released a report which stated that, after an investigation, they found grave violations of human rights by opposition forces, for example executions, unlawful killings, and hostage-taking. According to the report, 190 civilians were killed by rebel forces, including at least 67 of the victims being executed or unlawfully killed, although the number could be higher. Human Rights Watch stated that most of those killed were either intentionally or indiscriminately killed by opposition forces. More than 200 hostages, primarily women and children, continued to be held by Islamist forces. Human Rights Watch further stated, that two Kuwaiti nationals, Sheikh Hajjej al-Ajami and Shafi al-Ajami, apparently had a prominent role in collecting financial resources for the operation.[42][43] See also{{portal|Syrian Civil War}}
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/11/world/meast/syria-civil-war/index.html?hpt=imi_c2|title=Syrian rebel fighters guilty of serious abuses, says Human Rights Watch|date=11 October 2013|work=CNN|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Inside the battle for Assad's heartland. Abouzeid, Rania. Al-Jazeera. 23 August 2013. 3. ^1 2 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PC4N-9N3aGM&noredirect=1 Сирия Латакия Сопка Дурин]. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2014. 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/04/former_guantanamo_de_2.php|title=Former Guantanamo detainee killed while leading jihadist group in Syria|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 5. ^[https://archive.is/20130808200512/https://www.facebook.com/gabl.akrad.Coordinating/posts/414053318699027] 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=414080242029668|title=Facebook|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 7. ^[https://archive.is/20130808200515/https://www.facebook.com/gabl.akrad.Coordinating/posts/414053675365658] 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/salma.m2012/posts/302940293184295|title=Facebook|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.majalla.com/eng/2013/08/article55244332|title=Syria: Islamists advance towards Assad bastion of Latakia|work=The Majalla Magazine|accessdate=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016100052/http://www.majalla.com/eng/2013/08/article55244332|archive-date=16 October 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tartous2day.com/news/show_news.php?id=5309|title=استشهاد قائد مركز الدفاع الوطني في طرطوس - طرطوس اليوم|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025012644/http://www.tartous2day.com/news/show_news.php?id=5309|archive-date=25 October 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://beta.syriadeeply.org/2013/08/decoder-battle-latakia-begins/#.UgDoe5JGtq8|title=Decoder: The Battle for Latakia Begins|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211222334/http://beta.syriadeeply.org/2013/08/decoder-battle-latakia-begins/#.UgDoe5JGtq8|archive-date=11 February 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/regime-regains-ground|title=Regime Regains Ground on the Coast|work=Institute for the Study of War|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Aug-07/226582-latakia-offensive-inflames-syrias-sectarian-wounds.ashx#axzz2b3ceER74|title=Latakia offensive inflames Syria’s sectarian wounds|work=The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 14. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/06/world/middleeast/rebels-gain-control-of-government-air-base-in-syria.html|title=Rebels Gain Control of Government Air Base in Syria|work=The New York Times|author=Anne Barnard and Hwaida Saad|date=5 August 2013}} 15. ^60 killed (4–5 August),[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/06/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE9750N520130806] 1 killed (6 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/403247759783568] 4 killed (7 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/403824966392514] 12 killed (8 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/404455826329428] 10 killed (9 August), 4 killed (10 August), 9 killed (11 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/405860176188993] 10 killed (12 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/406289239479420] 1 killed (13 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/406914002750277] total of 107 reported killed 16. ^17 [https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/402772103164467]–30 {{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/embargo/node/119645?signature%3De2f9f3f7816e1c649b9265b332fc2ec2%26suid%3D6 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-10-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062324/http://www.hrw.org/embargo/node/119645?signature=e2f9f3f7816e1c649b9265b332fc2ec2&suid=6 |archivedate=16 October 2013 |df=dmy }} killed (4 August), 5 killed (5 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/403148939793450] 10 killed (7 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/403824966392514] 13 killed (8 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/404455826329428] 9 killed (9 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/404818656293145] 10 killed (10 August), 8 killed (11 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/405860176188993] 5 killed (12 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/406289239479420] 3 killed (14 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/407518256023185] 3 killed (15 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/408007085974302] 12 killed (16 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/408391052602572] 8 killed (17 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/408821525892858] 6 killed (18 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/409364052505272] 5 killed (19 August),[https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/409798689128475] total of 114–127 reported killed 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2013/08/syrian-war-jihadists-alawite-stronghold-coast.html|title=Syrian jihadists move war to Alawite stronghold|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024212940/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2013/08/syrian-war-jihadists-alawite-stronghold-coast.html|archive-date=24 October 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Aug-05/226293-rebels-target-assad-loyalists-in-damascus-latakia.ashx#axzz2b3ceER74|title=Rebels target Assad loyalists in Damascus, Latakia|work=The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syrian-rebels-make-new-push-on-assads-alawite-heartland/2013/08/04/fe06b23e-fd4b-11e2-8294-0ee5075b840d_story.html |title=Syrian rebels make new push on Assad’s Alawite heartland |work=Washington Post|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/402772103164467|title=Final death toll for Sunday 04/08/2013; More than 180 were killed in Syria yesterday.|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 21. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/78376/World/Region/Syrian-rebels-push-advance-into-Latakia-NGO.aspx|title=Syrian rebels push advance into Latakia: NGO|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bellinghamherald.com/2013/08/05/3129742/hrw-syrian-missiles-kill-hundreds.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130805231410/http://www.bellinghamherald.com/2013/08/05/3129742/hrw-syrian-missiles-kill-hundreds.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=5 August 2013|title=Syrian rebels take villages in regime's heartland|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 23. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/05/us-syria-crisis-mountain-idUSBRE97410820130805|title=Syrian rebels push into Assad's Alawite mountain stronghold|work=Reuters|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 24. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/402812663160411|title=Latakia province 1 |publisher= |accessdate=24 October 2014}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130806/syria-rebels-overrun-key-aleppo-air-base-3|title=Syria rebels overrun key Aleppo air base|work=GlobalPost|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323420604578652250872942058|title=Capture of Syrian Air Base Shows al Qaeda's Increasing Sway|date=7 August 2013|work=WSJ|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 27. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/08/syrian-rebel-attacks-latakia-al-qaeda-jihadist.html|title=Syrian Rebel Forces Set Sights on Latakia|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024210840/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/08/syrian-rebel-attacks-latakia-al-qaeda-jihadist.html|archive-date=24 October 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/404455826329428|title=Final death toll for Thursday 08/08/2013; Approximately 140 civilians were killed yesterday in Syria.|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 29. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=210754054|title=Iraqi Kurdish Leader Vows To Defend Kurds In Syria|date=10 August 2013|work=NPR|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811080604/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=210754054|archivedate=11 August 2013}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2013/08/article55313091|title=Syria: FSA denies withdrawal from Latakia|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/404531986321812|title=Latakia province 2|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/10/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE97903020130810|title=Assad sends air force to prevent rebel advances in home province|work=Reuters|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/78701/World/Region/-dead-in-air-raids-in-Syrias-Latakia-province-NGO.aspx|title=20 dead in air raids in Syria's Latakia province: NGO|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10236362/Syrian-rebels-accused-of-sectarian-murders.html|title=Syrian rebels accused of sectarian murders|date=11 August 2013|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 35. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-syria-military-latakia-20130818,0,2395071.story |title=Syria claims military successes in Assad's home province |work=Los Angeles Times |first=Patrick J. |last=McDonnell |date=18 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819181018/http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-syria-military-latakia-20130818%2C0%2C2395071.story |archivedate=19 August 2013 |deadurl=yes }} 36. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe/posts/409062199202124|title=Latakia province 3|publisher=|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Aug-18/227736-advancing-army-kills-jihadist-emir-in-syrias-latakia-activists.ashx#axzz2cKYIe9vs.html|title=Advancing army kills jihadist emir in Syria's Latakia |publisher=Dailystar|date=18 August 2013|accessdate=18 August 2013}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20130819-syria-army-recaptures-all-rebel-positions-latakia|title=Syrian army recaptures all rebel positions in Latakia|work=France 24|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 39. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/19/us-syria-crisis-idUSBRE97I0HW20130819|title=Assad's forces push back rebels in Syria's Alawite mountains|work=Reuters|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/26/us-syria-crisis-rebels-idUSBRE97P0FG20130826|title=Syria rebels seize strategic town, execute Alawite cleric: activists|work=Reuters|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/02/syria-massacre-reports-alawites-assad|title=Syria: massacre reports emerge from Assad's Alawite heartland|author=Jonathan Steele|work=the Guardian|accessdate=24 October 2014}} 42. ^1 2 3 HRW: [https://www.hrw.org/embargo/node/119645?signature=e2f9f3f7816e1c649b9265b332fc2ec2&suid=6 Executions, Unlawful Killings, and Hostage Taking by Opposition Forces in Latakia Countryside] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062324/http://www.hrw.org/embargo/node/119645?signature=e2f9f3f7816e1c649b9265b332fc2ec2&suid=6 |date=16 October 2013 }} 43. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/world/middleeast/syrian-civilians-bore-brunt-of-rebels-fury-report-says.html|title=Syrian Civilians Bore Brunt of Rebels’ Fury, Report Says|date=11 October 2013|work=The New York Times}} External links
13 : Military operations of the Syrian Civil War in 2013|Latakia Governorate in the Syrian Civil War|Persecution of Alawites|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the Syrian government|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the al-Nusra Front|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the Free Syrian Army|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving Ahrar al-Sham|Massacres of the Syrian Civil War in 2013|Massacres of the Syrian Civil War perpetrated by ISIL|Massacres of the Syrian Civil War perpetrated by the al-Nusra Front|Massacres of the Syrian Civil War perpetrated by rebels|Battles involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant |
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