| 词条 | 2013 New York divorce torture plot |
| 释义 |
| name = 2013 New York divorce torture plot | partof = racketeering | image = Underneath the Elevated Train - Borough Park - Hasidic District - Brooklyn - New York - USA (10389328033).jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Borough Park neighborhood of New York City in October 2013. Location of Abraham Rubin kidnapping | scope = | planned = | planned_by ={{Flagicon image|Flag of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.svg|size=23px}} Federal Bureau of Investigation | objective = Shut down get extortion and kidnapping ring | executed = {{Start date|2013|10|09}} | executed_by = | outcome = Arrests and convictions | casualties = }} The 2013 New York divorce torture plot was the planned kidnapping of a fictitious Jewish husband in Edison, New Jersey by a gang that had been abducting men and torturing them into granting their wives gittin (religious divorces). The kidnapping plot was set up in advance by agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, who conducted a sting operation against the gang in October 2013. Although the gang had conducted the kidnapping and torture of at least 20 men since the mid-1980s, they did not receive serious attention from law enforcement until the apprehension of accomplice Rabbi David Wax in October 2010.[1] It continued through the arrest of a group of rabbis from New York in the sting operation, who were directed by Mendel Epstein and Martin Wolmark to perform the kidnapping. Most of the gang members were convicted of attempted kidnapping in late 2015 and sentenced to prison.[2] Background{{Main article|Jewish views on marriage#Divorce}}A Jewish man is allowed to divorce his wife for virtually any reason by first receiving her permission, and then giving her a get. If she is unwilling, and his complaint against her is substantial, he can pursue a heter meah rabbanim and remarry, although one is rarely awarded.[3] A Jewish woman seeking a divorce from her husband must present her complaint to a beth din (rabbinical court) with the implication of a serious physical blemish or character defect. The husband must be willing to divorce his wife, for if he gives the get unwillingly, the divorce is invalid, and any future offspring of the wife would be considered mamzerim (illegitimate). {{Quote box|width=25em |align=left |quote=You have to watch the man, what his habits are, where he goes, how and where you can grab him. If you have a plan, then you call the people who do the kidnapping... There is such a thing called a stun gun, and they put such a tape or something so that it shouldn't leave a mark on the surface. They administer electric shocks and it's not a dangerous thing that can damage or kill. |source= – Epstein co-conspirator Jay Goldstein describing the gang's abduction and torture methods during a recorded phone call on December 28, 1996.[4] }} If the circumstances truly warrant a divorce and the husband is unwilling, the dayan (rabbinic judge) has the prerogative of instituting community shunning measures to "coerce him until he agrees," with physical force being reserved only for the rarest of cases.[4][5][6] Epstein-Wolmark gang{{Infobox person| honorific_prefix = Rabbi | name = Mendel Epstein | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_upright = | landscape = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | pronunciation = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | disappeared_date = | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | residence = | nationality = American | other_names = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = Divorce mediator | years_active = mid 1980s – 2013 | era = | employer = | organization = Epstein-Wolmark gang | agent = | known_for = | notable_works = A Woman's Guide to the Get Process[7] | style = | home_town = Brooklyn, New York Lakewood, New Jersey | salary = | net_worth = | height = | weight = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charge = Conspiracy to commit kidnapping[8] | criminal_penalty = 10 years in prison | criminal_status = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | mother = | father = | relatives = | family = | callsign = | awards = | website = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }}{{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Rabbi | name = Martin Wolmark | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_upright = | landscape = | alt = | caption = | native_name = Mordechai Wolmark | native_name_lang = | pronunciation = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date |56|2015|1|15}} | birth_place = | disappeared_date = | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | residence = | nationality = American | other_names = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = Dean | years_active = | era = | employer = | organization = Yeshiva Shaarei Torah of Rockland | agent = | known_for = Epstein-Wolmark gang | notable_works = Mishnas Mordechai | style = | home_town = | salary = | net_worth = | height = | weight = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charge = Conspiracy to travel in interstate commerce to commit extortion[10] | criminal_penalty = 3 years prison | criminal_status = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | mother = | father = | relatives = | family = | callsign = | awards = | website = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }}{{Quote box|width=25em |align=right |quote=They forced [the get] on me. They busted my fingers, busted my ribs. They kept me handcuffed. These gets aren't kosher. They force it. It destroyed me.|source= – Epstein victim, identified only as Mr. Goldstein from Midwood, Brooklyn.[9]}} It was in this grey area of halakha (Jewish law) that in the mid-1980s a rabbi from Brooklyn, New York, Mendel Epstein, began to advocate for women seeking religious divorces from their husbands.[10] Dubbed The Prodfather by the press due to his boast of using a cattle prod against his victims, Epstein started a divorce-gang which coerced these men to give the gets through the use of violence.[11] Although U.S. laws prohibit kidnapping, assault, and torture, some rabbis have gone on record anonymously to sanction these otherwise "inhumane" acts against "angry husbands."[12] If a man got so scared from this treatment as to suffer a heart attack, Epstein would instruct his gang to "Take a right turn and let him die."[13] In 1991, Father's Rights activist Monty Weinstein staged a protest with twenty-five people outside Epstein's home, with some carrying signs that read "Stop Mendel Epstein!"[4] Weinstein had heard stories about Epstein's tactics for years, but nothing ever happened when he complained to the authorities. He said, "What bothered me is that the police and courts didn't care."[14] Known victims
Wax implicates EpsteinIn October 2010, David Wax and his wife Judy were arrested for their part in the Bryskman kidnapping, and Wax subsequently agreed to testify as a government witness, claiming Epstein was the head of the operation and that his son, David Epstein was present in the bedroom during the Bryskman beating.[23] Their relationship dated back to the 1980s, when Epstein had forced a divorce for Wax's sister. The Bryskman case was what led federal authorities in New Jersey to begin their investigation of Mendel Epstein for his role in the crime.[24] FBI sting operationIn the summer of 2013, a woman dialed Martin Wolmark, head of Yeshiva Shaarei Torah of Rockland on West Carlton Road in Suffern, New York and Epstein cohort.[25] She told him a story about a husband who refused to give her a get.[15] Wolmark said: {{quote | You need special rabbis who are going to take this thing and see it through to the end...getting a guy like Mendel Epstein who's a hired hand...You need to get him to New York where someone either could harass him or nail him, plain and simple.[26][27]}}Wolmark told the caller that it would cost $30,000 to get the job done.[28] The woman, together with a man she identified as her brother, met with Wolmark on August 7, who proceeded to set up a conference call with Epstein.[25] On August 14, 2013, she visited Epstein in Lakewood with another man she said was her brother. Epstein said to the two visitors: {{quote | This is an expensive thing to do. Basically what we are going to be doing is kidnapping a guy for a couple of hours and beating him up and torturing him and then getting him to give the get.[15]}}The man then asked about Epstein's effectiveness, to which he replied: {{quote | Wait a minute here. I guarantee you that if you're in the van, you'd give a get to your wife. You probably love your wife, but you'd give a get when they finish with you. Hopefully, there won't even be a mark on him. We prefer not to leave a mark. Because then when you do, they do go to the police, the police look at the guy. . . and basically the reaction of the police is, if the guy does not have a mark on him, then, 'Is there some Jewish crazy affair here?' They don't get involved.[15]}}Epstein explained he would need $10,000 to approve the coercion at the beth din (religious court), and $60,000 for the "tough guys", who would use karate,[10] rope, a screwdriver, and plastic bags over the men's heads to get them to cooperate.[18] And if all else fails, then: {{quote | We take an electric cattle prod. If it can get a bull that weighs five tons to move, you put it in certain parts of the body and in one minute the guy will know.[15]}}Epstein also told the woman that he would not be present at the attack, planning instead to be out and about, and suggested that she do the same, explaining that being seen in public would provide them with an alibi.[6][29] The man and woman, who turned out to be undercover FBI agents,[5]{{dead link|date=August 2016}}[21] handed Epstein a check for $10,000, with the word "Consultation" written in the memo.[8] On September 29, Epstein drove from New York across state lines to a warehouse in Edison, New Jersey to stake out the location and verify that it would be appropriate to stage a kidnapping and beating there. Four days later, he drove to Suffern to meet with the female agent and Wolmark, who convened the beth din that, in exchange for the fee, would declare that the 'husband' is required to divorce his 'wife'.[14]The rabbis, who were unaware that the agent was recording the meeting, openly discussed the plan to kidnap and assault the husband in order to obtain the get.[25] ArrestsOn October 9, 2013, Wolmark and eight other men including Simcha Bulmash, Avrohom, Jay and Moshe Goldstein, David Hellman, Sholom Shuchat and Binyamin Stimler (all from Brooklyn), and Ariel Potash (from Monsey, New York) gathered at the warehouse in Edison to prepare for the kidnapping.[28] Some of them put on Halloween masks, ski masks, and bandanas – one wore a Metallica T-shirt on top of his clothes – as they flexed, shadow-boxed and waited for their prey, the 'recalcitrant husband' who did not exist.[30] Suddenly, federal agents burst in and arrested the would-be kidnappers. Epstein was arrested separately in Brooklyn,[31] and Wolmark's yeshiva in Suffern was raided.[25] During a federal court hearing the following day in Trenton, New Jersey, Assistant U.S. Attorney Joseph Gribko told a judge, "They didn't do it out of religious conviction. They did it for money."[9] On May 6, 2014, Wax pleaded guilty in federal court in New Jersey to conspiracy to commit kidnapping. He named the men arrested the previous October as his accomplices.[24] Criminal trialsThe trial of the main defendants commenced on February 18, 2015 at the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey in Trenton.[23] On April 21, they appeared before District Judge Freda L. Wolfson, whereupon Mendel Epstein was convicted of conspiracy to commit kidnapping, while accomplices Jay Goldstein and Binyamin Stimler were additionally convicted of attempted kidnapping. David Epstein was acquitted, in part by defence attorney Henry Mazurek's contention that David was in a business meeting in Cincinnati during Usher Chaimowitz's beating.[23][32] Sholom Shuchat, who had pleaded guilty in June to travelling in interstate commerce to commit violence, was sentenced on November 19 to time served and two years of supervised release, with the first six months being house arrest.[33] On December 14, Martin Wolmark, who had pleaded guilty to conspiracy to travel in interstate commerce to commit extortion, was sentenced to more than 3 years in prison,[26] 2 years of supervised release and a $50,000 fine.[28] The next day, at his own sentencing, Mendel Epstein told the judge: {{quote | Over the years, I guess, I got caught up in my tough guy image. Truthfully, it helped me – the reputation – convince many of these reprobates to do the right thing."[34]}}Epstein and Stimler were sentenced to 10 years and 3 years respectively. Wolfson said during the proceeding that "No one is permitted to commit acts of violence against another," and that the sentence was necessary in order to deter others in the Orthodox Jewish community from engaging in similar paid vigilantism.[34] One day later, Goldstein was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment. Six other co-defendants also pleaded guilty before trial, and were sentenced to up to 4 years.[13][35][36][37] On January 12, 2016, David Wax was sentenced by Wolfson to 7 years imprisonment.[38] AppealsEpstein launched a number of defence arguments to the court ranging from warrant issues to jury questions, but the heart of the appeal focused on the propriety of their actions under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, saying the FBI sting interfered with his practice of religion. He also argued that the victims, by entering into an Orthodox Jewish marriage, were essentially agreeing to the use of force outlined in Jewish law, but the higher court didn't accept the arguments.[8] ReactionsRabbinical judge David Eidensohn of Monsey, New York said, "I'm shocked that people who call themselves rabbis would get involved in coercion." According to Eidensohn, if a woman obtains a get in such a manner and remarries, "her marriage is not legal and she would be considered living in sin. If she has children, the children are considered born out of wedlock, and that's considered a disgrace in the community."[30] Eidensohn has opposed Hershel Schachter, a rabbi who approved the beatings of husbands; Shachter's group, the Organization for the Resolution of Agunot, organized public protests against men who refused to give their wives a get.[14] Judy Heicklin, president of the Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance, said {{quote | It's not bad enough that these women are abused by their husbands. Then they turn to authority figures who are demanding bribes to solve what should be a fundamental human rights issue. It's heartbreaking, the women who are caught in this horrible situation. And it's a shame. It's a stain on our entire community... We think the halakha is so profound and divinely inspired that solutions can and should be found within halakha... I certainly understand the impetus for those kinds of solutions and why people are so frustrated with the lack of progress that people are reaching out for those solutions out of frustration."[14] }}Samuel Heilman, professor of sociology and Jewish studies at Queens College said, "Using force, that's the way it used to be done centuries ago. Most Jews don't operate like that anymore, but in this community... it's a sort of fundamentalist view."[39]Moshe David Tendler, rabbi and professor of medical ethics at Yeshiva University said, "The idea that a beth din can issue an order for coercion is baloney, a hoax." While conceding that he had "been with [Epstein] on matters," Tendler nevertheless considered him "unreliable."[30]Mordechai Willig, a leader of the Beth Din of America court of the centrist Rabbinical Council of America, emphasised that rabbis can never do anything illegal, because if one rabbi does something inappropriate, "everyone whose first name is Rabbi is sullied."[14]Chaim Dovid Zweibel, the executive director of Agudath Israel of America, stated that Wolmark's court didn’t hear what defense might be offered by the husband who was allegedly refusing to grant the get: {{quote | There is a considerable body of opinion that you can only take steps consistent with the law of the land... Some would question the validity of a get that was procured in those circumstances.... On the surface of the allegations, this particular scenario was beyond the realm of anything the halakha might countenance. It seems as if the role of one of the rabbis was to determine whether the circumstances justified a beth din ruling that you could force the guy. It clearly was done in a way that leaves a lot to be desired. The whole case was a sham. The rabbi didn't go on more than a woman's crying and signing a check. It's very troubling...The idea that some have put forward that women should have the same ability to initiate the divorce process, just as a man can divorce a woman against her will – it's clearly contrary to halakha."[14] }}See also{{Portal|Judaism|New York City|New Jersey|Crime}}
References1. ^1 2 Loder, Stephanie (May 15, 2014) "Stun Guns Forced Orthodox Divorce, Prosecutors Say", Asbury Park Press 2. ^Mullen, Shannon (April 21, 2015) "Rabbi Guilty of Kidnapping Conspiracy, Jury Finds", Asbury Park Press 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jewfaq.org/divorce.htm|title=Judaism 101: Divorce|website=www.jewfaq.org}} 4. ^Malinowitz, Chaim; "The New York State Get Bill and its Halachic Ramifications"; Jewish Law Articles 5. ^1 2 Goldstein, Joseph; Schwirtz, Michael (October 11, 2013) [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/nyregion/rabbis-accused-in-kidnapping-plot-to-force-men-to-grant-divorces/ "Rabbis Said to Use Torture For Fee to Force Divorce"], The New York Times {{dead link|date=August 2016}} 6. ^1 Bandler, Jonathan; Lieberman, Steve (October 10, 2013) [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/10/rabbis-fbi-divorce-sting/2959369/ "FBI Arrests N.Y. Rabbis in Jewish Divorce-gang Probe], USA Today 7. ^Associated Press (February 16, 2015) [https://nypost.com/2015/02/16/rabbi-was-paid-to-kidnap-brutalize-husbands-unwilling-to-divorce-prosecutors/ "Rabbi 'Kidnapped, Tortured' Husbands into Granting Wives Divorce"], New York Post. Retrieved April 5, 2019. 8. ^1 2 Swenson, Kyle (July 19, 2017) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/07/19/cattle-prod-wielding-rabbi-kidnappers-fail-to-convince-court-they-were-just-practicing-their-faith/?utm_term=.d9d92655a4ef "Stun-Gun-Wielding Rabbi Kidnappers Fail to Convince Court They Were Just Practicing Their Faith"], The Washington Post. Retrieved April 3, 2019. 9. ^1 Yaniv, Oren (October 11, 2013). "Rabbi Tortured Jewish Husbands to Divorce:Feds", New York Daily News 10. ^1 Dickter, Adam (October 16, 2013) [https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/accused-kidnap-rabbi-known-for-wild-west-rules/ "Accused Kidnap Rabbi Known For ‘Wild West’ Rules"], The New York Jewish Week 11. ^Mullen, Shannon (December 15, 2015) "10-year Sentence for Lakewood 'Prodfather' Rabbi", Asbury Park Press 12. ^Ben-Gedalyahu, Tzvi (October 10, 2013) "FBI Arrests NY Rabbis for Beating Husbands Who Refuse Divorce", Jewish Press 13. ^1 Blau, Reuven (April 22, 2015) "N.J. Jury Finds Orthodox Rabbi Guilty of Kidnap-Divorce Plot, New York Daily News 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 Yudelson, Larry (October 18, 2013) [https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/unchained-reaction/ "Unchained Reaction"], Jewish Standard. Retrieved April 3, 2019. 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Samaha, Albert (December 4, 2013) "Bad Rabbi: Tales of Extortion and Torture Depict a Divorce Broker's Brutal Grip on the Orthodox Community", The Village Voice 16. ^Saul, Josh; Italiano, Laura (October 11, 2013) [https://nypost.com/2013/10/11/orthodox-rabbis-beat-me-stun-gunned-my-genitals-suit/ "Rabbis beat me, stun-gunned my genitals"], New York Post 17. ^1 2 Shaer, Matthew (September 2, 2014) [https://www.gq.com/story/epstein-orthodox-hit-squad "Epstein Orthodox Hit Squad"], GQ 18. ^1 2 Samaha, Albert (May 23, 2014) "Indictment Officially Ties Rabbis to Three Divorce Extortion Kidnappings", The Village Voice 19. ^Gecan, Alex N. (July 2, 2016) "Inside Lakewood's Controversial Watch Group", Asbury Park Press 20. ^1 Hutchinson, Bill (May 6, 2014) "N.J. Rabbi Pleads Guilty to Violent Scheme to Force a Jewish Divorce", New York Daily News 21. ^1 Jones, Abigail (April 8, 2015) "In Orthodox Jewish Divorce, Men Hold All the Cards", Newsweek 22. ^Spoto, MaryAnn (March 2, 2015) "'Give A Divorce,' Attackers Yelled As They Beat Men, Victim Testifies In Lakewood Rabbi Trial", NJ.com 23. ^1 2 Spoto, MaryAnn (February 18, 2015) Rabbi Trial Underway for Kidnap, Torture of Husbands", NJ.com 24. ^1 Samaha, Albert (May 7, 2014) [https://www.villagevoice.com/2014/05/07/david-wax-pleads-guilty-implicates-mendel-epstein-in-nj-divorce-extortion-case/ "David Wax Pleads Guilty, Implicates Mendel Epstein in NJ Divorce Extortion Case"], The Village Voice 25. ^1 2 3 4 O'Rourke, James (January 15, 2015) [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/01/15/rabbi-violence-force-religious-divorce/21796105/ "Rabbi Pleads Guilty in Violent Plot to Coerce Divorce"], USAToday. Retrieved April 3, 2019. 26. ^1 (December 14, 2015) [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/15/nyregion/rabbi-sentenced-for-role-in-divorce-coercion-ring.html "Rabbi Sentenced for Role in Divorce-Coercion Ring"], The New York Times 27. ^Blau, Reuven (February 19, 2015) "Rabbi Accused in Forced Divorce Plot is Called 'Hired Hand' who would 'Harass or Nail' Husband in Phone Recording", New York Daily News 28. ^1 2 Darragh, Tim (December 14, 2015) [https://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2015/12/rabbi_sentenced_to_38_months_in_jail_in_extortion-.html "Rabbi Sentenced to Jail in Extortion-for-Divorce Case"], NJ.com. Retrieved December 26, 2018. 29. ^Boyer, Barbara (January 25, 2017) in Strong-arm Religious Divorces Ask Court to Overturn Convictions", Philly.com 30. ^1 2 Lieberman, Steve and Bandler, Jonathan (October 11, 2013). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/11/rabbis-fbi-divorce-sting/2969495/ "New Details Emerge in Jewish Divorce-gang Probe"], USA Today 31. ^(October 11, 2013) "Two Prominent Orthodox Jewish Rabbis Arrested in Divorce Extortion Case"{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, News12 Westchester 32. ^Spoto, MaryAnn (March 26, 2015) "Lakewood Rabbi's Son Wasn't Involved in Forced Divorce, Executive Testifies", NJ.com 33. ^For the guilty plea, see Staff. (24 June 2014) "Crown Heights Rabbi Pleads Guilty in Forced ‘Get’ Case", CrownHeights.info. Retrieved 3 March 2019. For the sentence, see Staff. (19 November 2015) [https://crownheights.info/communal-matters/510010/rabbi-receives-no-jail-sentence-in-forced-get-case/ "Rabbi Receives No-Jail Sentence in Forced ‘Get’ Case"], CrownHeights.info. Retrieved 3 March 2019. 34. ^1 Spoto, MaryAnn (December 15, 2015) Rabbi Sentenced to 10 years in Prison for Divorce Kidnappings", NJ.com 35. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|author1=U.S. Attorney’s Office District of New Jersey|title=Two Orthodox Jewish Rabbis Sentenced To Prison For Conspiring To Kidnap Jewish Husbands, Force Them To Consent To Religious Divorces|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-nj/pr/two-orthodox-jewish-rabbis-sentenced-prison-conspiring-kidnap-jewish-husbands-force-them|date=December 15, 2015}} 36. ^(Apr 21, 2015) [https://www.fbi.gov/newark/press-releases/2015/three-orthodox-jewish-rabbis-convicted-of-conpsiracy-to-kidnap-jewish-husbands-in-order-to-force-them-to-consent-to-religious-divorces/ "Three Orthodox Jewish Rabbis Convicted of Conspiracy to Kidnap Jewish Husbands in Order to Force Them to Consent to Religious Divorces"], U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation 37. ^{{cite web|author1=U.S. Attorney’s Office District of New Jersey|title=Orthodox Jewish Rabbi Sentenced To Eight Years In Prison For Conspiring To Kidnap Jewish Husbands, Force Them To Consent To Religious Divorces|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-nj/pr/orthodox-jewish-rabbi-sentenced-eight-years-prison-conspiring-kidnap-jewish-husbands|date=December 16, 2015}} 38. ^(January 13, 2016) "NJ Couple Sentenced For Helping Jewish Divorce Ring", The Times of Israel 39. ^Nicosia, Mareesa (October 13, 2013). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/13/rabbis-fbi-divorce-sting/2976271/ "Orthodox Leaders Struggle with Divorce Gang History"], USA Today External links
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