| 词条 | Nuristan Province | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Nuristan | native_name = نورستان | native_name_lang = ps | settlement_type = Province | image_skyline = Stream in Nuristan province.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = A river in Nuristan province | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Nuristan in Afghanistan.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of Afghanistan with Nuristan highlighted | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|35.25|70.75|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}} | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = Provincial center | seat = Parun | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = Hafiz Abdul Qayyum | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 9225.0 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes =[1] | population_total = 140900 | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = Main languages | blank_info_sec1 = Nuristani | timezone1 = GMT+4:30 | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = AF-NUR | website = | footnotes = }} Nuristan, also spelled Nurestan or Nooristan, (Nuristani: نورستان) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country. It is divided into seven districts and has a population of about 140,900.[1] Parun serves as the provincial capital. It was formerly known as Kafiristan ({{lang|ps|کافرستان}}, "land of the infidels") until the inhabitants were forcibly converted from an animist religion[1] a form of ancient Hinduism infused with local variations,[4] to Islam in 1895, and thence the region has become known as Nuristan ("land of illumination", or "land of light").[2] The region was located in an area surrounded by Buddhist civilizations which were later taken over by Muslims.[6] The origins of the Nuristani has been disputed, ranging from being the indigenous inhabitants forced to flee to this region after refusing to surrender to Muslim invaders, to being linked to various ancient groups of people and the Turk Shahi kings.[7][8] The primary occupations are agriculture, animal husbandry, and day labor. Located on the southern slopes of the Hindu Kush mountains in the northeastern part of the country, Nuristan spans the basins of the Alingar, Pech, Landai Sin, and Kunar rivers. Nuristan is bordered on the south by Laghman and Kunar provinces, on the north by Badakhshan province, on the west by Panjshir province, and on the east by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. History{{History of Afghanistan}}{{Further|History of Afghanistan}}Early historyThe surrounding area fell to Alexander the Great in 330 BC. It later fell to Chandragupta Maurya. The Mauryas introduced Buddhism to the region, and were attempting to expand their empire to Central Asia until they faced local Greco-Bactrian forces. Seleucus is said to have reached a peace treaty with Chandragupta by giving control of the territory south of the Hindu Kush to the Mauryas upon intermarriage and 500 elephants.[3] Before their conversion to Islam, the Nuristanis or Kafir people practiced a form of ancient Hinduism infused with locally developed accretions.[4] They were called "kafirs" due to their enduring paganism while other regions around them became Muslim. However, the influence from district names in Kafiristan of Katwar or Kator and the ethnic name Kati has also been suggested.[5] The area extending from modern Nuristan to Kashmir was known as "Peristan", a vast area containing host of "Kafir" cultures and Indo-European languages that became Islamized over a long period. Earlier, it was surrounded by Buddhist areas. The Islamization of the nearby Badakhshan began in the 8th century and Peristan was completely surrounded by Muslim states in the 16th century with Islamization of Baltistan. The Buddhist states temporarily brought literacy and state rule into the region. The decline of Buddhism resulted in it becoming heavily isolated.[6] There have been varying theories about the origins of Kafirs including the Arab tribe of Quraish, or Gabars of Persia, the Greek soldiers of Alexander as well as the Indians of eastern Afghanistan. George Scott Robertson considered them to be part of the old Indian population of Eastern Afghanistan and stated they fled to the mountains after the Muslim invasion in the 10th century. He added they probably found other races there whom they killed off and enslaved or amalgamated with them.[7] Oral traditions of some of the Nuristanis place themselves to be at the confluence of Kabul River and Kunar River a millennium ago. These traditions state they were driven off from Kandahar to Kabul to Kapisa to Kama with the Muslim invasion. They identify themselves as late arrivals in Nuristan, being driven by Mahmud of Ghazni who after establishing his empire forced the unsubmissive population to flee.[4] The name Kator was used by Lagaturman, last king of the Turk Shahi. Apparently due to its usage by the last Turk-Shahi ruler, it was adopted as a title by the ruler of the north-west region of the Indian subcontinent, comprising Chitral and Kafiristan. The title "Shah Kator" was assumed by Chitral's ruler Mohtaram Shah who assumed it upon being impressed by the majesty of the erstwhile pagan rulers of Chitral.[8] The theory of Kators being related to Turki Shahis is based on the information of Jami- ut-Tawarikh and Tarikh-i-Binakiti.[9] The region was also named after its ruling elite. The royal usage may be the origin behind the name of Kator.[10] The high god of the pre-Islamic Nuristani religion was the god Imra, derived from the Hindu god Yama, and was also called Mara.[11] Another god was Indr, derived from Indra. He was seen as the brother of the god Gisht and father of Pano and the goddess Dishani.[12] There were also many other minor gods worshiped in the region.[13] The region was invaded by forces of Afghan Amir Abdur Rahman Khan in 1896 and most of the people were converted either by force or did so to avoid the jizya:[14] {{quote|In the end, Kafiristan was subdued, most of its residents either by force or for economic reason - namely to avoid the jizya poll tax - were converted to Islam and the region later became known as Nuristan (Land of Light).[14]|Nile Green|2016}}The region was renamed Nuristan, meaning Land of the enlightened, a reflection of the "enlightening" of the pagan Nuristani by the "light-giving" of Islam. Nuristan was once thought to have been a region through which Alexander the Great passed with a detachment of his army; thus the folk legend that the Nuristani people are descendants of Alexander (or "his generals"). Abdul Wakil Khan Nuristani is one of the most prominent figures in Nuristan's history. He fought against the British-led Punjabi army and drove them out of the eastern provinces of Afghanistan. He is buried on the same plateau where King Amanullah Khan is buried. Recent history{{Further|War in Afghanistan (2001–present)}}Since the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Afghan politicians (particularly Mohammed Daoud Khan) have been focusing on re-annexing Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of what is now Pakistan. This has led to militancy on both sides of the Durand Line.[15] In the meantime, Pakistani politicians have been focusing on connecting what is now Tajikistan with Pakistan. Nuristan was the scene of some of the heaviest guerrilla fightings during the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War. The province was influenced by Mawlawi Afzal's Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan, which was supported by Pakistan nationalists and Saudi Arabia. It dissolved under the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban rule) in the late 1990s.[16] Nuristan is one of the poorest and most remote provinces of Afghanistan. Few NGO's operate in Nuristan because of Taliban insurgency and lack of safe roads. The United States and the Afghan government are jointly working to solve these issues. Some road construction projects were launched linking Nangarej to Mandol and Chapa Dara to Titan Dara.[17] The Afghan government also worked on a direct road route to Laghman province, in order to reduce dependence on the road through restive Kunar province to the rest of Afghanistan. Other road projects were started aimed at improving the primitive road from Kamdesh to Barg-i Matal, and from Nangalam in Kunar province to the provincial center at Parun. Since Nuristan is a highly ethnically homogeneous province, there are few incidents of inter-ethnic violence. However, there are instances of disputes among inhabitants, some of which continue for decades. Nuristan has suffered from its inaccessibility and lack of infrastructure. The government presence is under-developed, even compared to neighboring provinces. Nuristan's formal educational sector is weak, with few professional teachers. Due to its proximity to Pakistan, many of the inhabitants are actively involved in trade and commerce across the border. A map from the Afghan Ministry of the Interior produced in 2009 showed the western region of Nuristan to be under "enemy control". There have been numerous conflicts between anti-Afghanistan militants and U.S.-led Afghan security forces. In April 2008 members of the 3rd Special Forces Group led Afghan soldiers from the Commando Brigade into the Shok valley in an unsuccessful attempt to capture warlord Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. In July 2008 approximately 200 Taliban guerrillas attacked a NATO position just south of Nuristan, near the village of Wanat in the Waygal District, killing 9 U.S. soldiers.[18] In the following year, in early October, more than 350 anti-Afghanistan militants backed by members of the Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin and other militia groups fought U.S.-led Afghan security forces in the Battle of Kamdesh at Camp Keating in Nuristan. The base was nearly overrun; more than 100 Taliban fighters, eight U.S. soldiers, and seven members of the Afghan security forces were killed during the fighting.[19][20][21][22] Four days after the battle, in early October 2009, U.S. forces withdrew from their four main bases in Nuristan, as part of a plan by General Stanley McChrystal to pull troops out of small outposts and relocate them closer to major towns.[23] The U.S. has pulled out from some areas in the past, but never from all four main bases.[24] A month after the U.S. pullout the Taliban was governing openly in Nuristan.[25] According to The Economist, Nuristan is "a place so tough that NATO abandoned it in 2010 after failing to subdue it."[26] Politics and governance{{Further|Politics of Afghanistan|List of governors of Nuristan}}The current governor of the province is Hafiz Abdul Qayyum.[27] His predecessor was Jamaluddin Badar, who was sacked and convicted in Kabul for political corruption.[28] The town of Parun serves as the capital of Nuristan province. All law enforcement activities throughout the province are controlled by the Afghan National Police (ANP). The border with neighboring Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is monitored by the Afghan Border Police (ABP). A provincial police chief is assigned to lead both the ANP and the ABP. The Police Chief represents the Ministry of the Interior in Kabul. The ANP and ABP are backed by the Afghan Armed Forces, including the NATO-led forces. Healthcare{{Further|Health in Afghanistan}}The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 2% in 2005 to 12% in 2011.[29] The percentage of births attended by a skilled birth attendant increased from 1% in 2005 to 22% in 2011.[29] Education{{Further|Education in Afghanistan}}In 2002 the first gender assessment of women's conditions in Nuristan was completed.[30] The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 17.7% in 2005 to 17% in 2011.[29] The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 8.7% in 2005 to 45% in 2011.[29] Demographics{{Further|Demographics of Afghanistan}}As of 2013, the total population of the province is about 140,900.[31] According to the Naval Postgraduate School, around 99.3% are Nuristanis and 0.6% Gujjars 0.2 Hazara.[32][33] Approximately 90% of the population speak the following Nuristani languages:[34]
The main Nuristani tribes in the province are:
Dari/Pashto are used as second and third languages in the province. Districts
In popular culture
Notable people from the province
See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edAiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98&dq=kafiristan+animist&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8yJj6i_3aAhXhxlQKHb59B0QQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=kafiristan%20animist&f=false|title=Games without Rules: The Often-Interrupted History of Afghanistan|last=Ansary|first=Tamim|date=2014-03-04|publisher=PublicAffairs|year=|isbn=9781610393195|location=|pages=|language=en|quote=“Kafiristan, “Land of the Infidels,” because the people there practiced an animist religion involving elaborate graves decorated with images carved of wood.”}} 2. ^{{cite encyclopedia |last=Klimberg |first=Max |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Iranica|title=NURISTAN |url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nuristan|edition= Online|date=October 1, 2004 |publisher= Columbia University|location= United States}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php |title=An Historical Guide to Kabul - The Name |author=Nancy Hatch Dupree / Aḥmad ʻAlī Kuhzād |publisher=American International School of Kabul |year=1972 |accessdate=2010-09-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031416/http://www.aisk.org/aisk/NHDAHGTK05.php |archivedate=2010-08-30 |df= }} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html|title=Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan|author=Richard F. Strand|date=31 December 2005|work=nuristan.info}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IV|editor1=C. E. Bosworth|editor1-link=C. E. Bosworth |editor2=E. Van Donzel|editor3=Bernard Lewis|editor3-link=Bernard Lewis|editor4=Charles Pellat|editor4-link=Charles Pellat|page=409|publisher=Brill}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/35077429/Fence_of_Peristan_-_The_Islamization_of_the_Kafirs_and_Their_Domestication|journal=Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia|title=Fence of Peristan - The Islamization of the "Kafirs" and Their Domestication|publisher=Società Italiana di Antropologia e Etnologia|author=Alberto M. Cacopardo|year=2016|pages=69, 77}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|title=Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan, Volume 6|author=Ludwig W. Adamec|page=348|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt Graz |year=1985}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|journal= Journal of Central Asia|volume= 14|title= The Genesis of the Royal Title|author= Dr. Hussain Khan|publisher= Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University|pages=111, 112}} 9. ^{{cite book|title= The Shahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab|author= Deena Bandhu Pandey|publisher= Historical Research Institute; Oriental Publishers|page=65|year=1973}} 10. ^{{cite journal|journal= Journal of Central Asia|volume= 14|title= The Genesis of the Royal Title|author= Dr. Hussain Khan|publisher= Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University|page=114}} 11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_eykCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA351&dq=nuristan+imra+indr&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFjeORn5LfAhULqY8KHeViCAgQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization|page=143}} 12. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aqDC5bwx4_wC&pg=PA138&dq=nuristan+indr&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj64u3eoJLfAhUbTI8KHThcArAQ6AEINjAD#v=onepage&q=nuristan%20indr&f=false|title=Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses|page=138}} 13. ^{{cite book|title=Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan, Volume 6|author=Ludwig W. Adamec|page=361|publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt Graz |year=1985}} 14. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6swDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWirPmwYPZAhUIu48KHUkJALwQ6AEIKDAB#v=onepage&f=false|title=Afghanistan's Islam: From Conversion to the Taliban|author=Nile Green|publisher=University of California Press|pages=142–143}} 15. ^{{cite book |title=The Gem Hunter: The Adventures of an American in Afghanistan |last1=Bowersox |first1=Gary W. |year=2004 |publisher=GeoVision, Inc. |location=United States |isbn=0-9747-3231-1 |page=100 |quote=To launch this plan, Bhutto recruited and trained a group of Afghans in the Bala-Hesar of Peshawar, in Pakistan's North-west Frontier Province. Among these young men were Massoud, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, and other members of Jawanan-e Musulman. Massoud's mission to Bhutto was to create unrest in northern Afghanistan. It served Massoud's interests, which were apparently opposition to the Soviets and independence for Afghanistan. Later, after Massoud and Hekmatyar had a terrible falling-out over Massoud's opposition to terrorist tactics and methods, Massoud overthrew from Jawanan-e Musulman. He joined Rabani's newly created Afghan political party, Jamiat-i-Islami, in exile in Pakistan. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVAN9pjnRzMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=2010-08-22}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=482&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=180&no_cache=1#.VEgJVLxxnIU |title=Nuristan: Insurgent Hideout in Afghanistan, Terrorism Monitor, Volume 3, Issue 10 |date=May 26, 2005 |accessdate=2014-10-22 |editor=Daan Van Der Schriek}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.arcent.army.mil/media_releases/2006/june/jun13_06.asp |title=Nuristan governor, contractor, and Afghanistan engineer district sign partnership agreement |accessdate=2006-06-28 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708083847/http://www.arcent.army.mil/media_releases/2006/june/jun13_06.asp |archivedate=July 8, 2007 |df= }}, Headquarters US Central Command, News Release, June 13, 2006 18. ^{{cite web|url = http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2008/07/200871463317512597.html |publisher = Al Jazeera|title=Taliban fighters storm US base |accessdate = 2008-07-16}} 19. ^Taliban govern openly in Nuristan, Bill Roggio, Long War Journal, 2009-11-12 20. ^Taliban Claim to Seize American Arms, Robert Mackey, New York Times, 2009-11-12 21. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/04/AR2009100400778.html Eight U.S. Troops Die in Attack on Afghan Outpost], Joshua Partow, Washington Post, 2009-10-04 22. ^Heavy US losses in Afghan battle, Martin Patience, BBC News, Kabul, 4 October 2009 23. ^[https://archive.is/20130117100453/http://www.armytimes.com/news/2009/10/army_kamdesh_103109w/ Kamdesh ambush played out like Wanat battle], Matthew Cox and Michelle Tan, Army Times, November 3, 2009 24. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KJ29Df04.html|work=Asia Times Online|title=South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan|date=2009-10-29|accessdate= 2011-02-07}} 25. ^Taliban govern openly in Nuristan, Bill Roggio, Long War Journal, 2009-11-12 26. ^{{cite news|title=Pakistan’s border badlands: Double games|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21606902-could-country-be-getting-taste-its-own-medicine-double-games|accessdate=17 July 2014|work=The Economist|date=Jul 12, 2014}} 27. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2014/04/22/nuristan%E2%80%99s-development-completely-neglected-governor |title=Nuristan’s development completely neglected: Governor |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |editor=Mahbob Shah Mahbob |date=April 22, 2014 |accessdate=2014-10-22}} 28. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2012/09/26/governor-among-3-ex-nuristan-officials-jailed |title=Governor among 3 ex-Nuristan officials jailed |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |editor=Zarghona Salehi |date=September 26, 2012 |accessdate=2014-10-22}} 29. ^1 2 3 [https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Nuristan.aspx Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531142625/https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Nuristan.aspx |date=2014-05-31 }} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.inclusivesecurity.org/network-bio/wazhma-frogh/|title=Wazhma Frogh|work=inclusivesecurity.org}} 31. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Nooristan(1).pdf |title=Settled Population of Nooristan province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13 |publisher=Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Central Statistics Organization |accessdate=2015-07-13}} 32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Docs/Executive%20Summaries/Nuristan_Summary_2009.pdf |title=Nuristan Province |work=Program for Culture & Conflict Studies|publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |accessdate=2014-10-21}} 33. ^Nuristan Tribal Map on nps.edu 34. ^1 [https://web.archive.org/web/20101007182106/http://www.mrrd.gov.af/nabdp/Provincial%20Profiles/Nuristan%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf Nuristan provincial profile] profile compiled by the National Area-Based Development Programme (NABDP) of the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) 35. ^Afghanistan Geographic & Thematic Layers Further reading
External sources{{Commons category}}{{Wikivoyage|Nuristan}}
|Centre = Nuristan Province |North = Badakhshan Province |Northeast = {{flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}, {{flag|Pakistan}} |East = |Southeast = Kunar Province |South = |Southwest = Laghman Province |West = Panjshir Province |Northwest = }}{{Provinces of Afghanistan}}{{Districts of Nuristan}} 5 : Provinces of Afghanistan|History of Nuristan Province|Hindu Kush|Nuristan Province|States and territories established in 2001 |
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