“Nursing theory”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In the early part of nursing's history, there was little formal nursing knowledge. As nursing education developed, the need to categorize knowledge led to development of nursing theory to help nurses evaluate increasingly complex client care situations.^[3]

Nursing theories give a plan for reflection in which to examine a certain direction in where the plan needs to head.^[4] As new situations are encountered, this framework provides an arrangement for management, investigation and decision-making. Nursing theories also administer a structure for communicating with other nurses and with other representatives and members of the health care team. Nursing theories assist the development of nursing in formulating beliefs, values and goals. They help to define the different particular contribution of nursing with the care of clients.^[5] Nursing theory guides research and practice.

Borrowed and shared theories

Not all theories in nursing are unique nursing theories; many are borrowed or shared with other disciplines.^[6] Theories developed by Neuman, Watson, Parse, Orlando and Peplau are considered unique nursing theories. Theories and concepts that originated in related sciences have been borrowed by nurses to explain and explore phenomena specific to nursing.^[7]

Types

Grand nursing theories

Grand nursing theories have the broadest scope and present general concepts and propositions.^[7] Theories at this level may both reflect and provide insights useful for practice but are not designed for empirical testing. This limits the use of grand nursing theories for directing, explaining, and predicting nursing in particular situations. However, these theories may contain concepts that can lend themselves to empirical testing.^[8] Theories at this level are intended to be pertinent to all instances of nursing. Grand theories consist of conceptual frameworks defining broad perspectives for practice and ways of looking at nursing phenomena based on the perspectives.

Mid-range nursing theories

Nursing practice theories

Nursing models

Nursing models are usually described as a representation of reality or a more simple way of organising a complex phenomenon. The nursing model is a consolidation of both concepts and the assumption that combine them into a meaningful arrangement.

A model is a way of presenting a situation in such a way that it shows the logical terms in order to showcase the structure of the original idea. The term nursing model cannot be used interchangeably with nursing theory.

Components of nursing modeling

The first important step in development of ideas about nursing is to establish the body approach essential to nursing, then to analyse the beliefs and values around those.

Common concepts of nursing modeling: a metaparadigm

A metaparadigm contains philosophical worldviews and concepts that are unique to a discipline and defines boundaries that separate it from other disciplines. A metaparadigm is intended to help guide others to conduct research and utilize the concepts for academia within that discipline. The nursing metaparadigm consist of four main concepts: person, health, environment, and nursing.^[12]

Each theory is regularly defined and described by a Nursing Theorist. The main focal point of nursing out of the four various common concepts is the person (patient).^[4]

Major nursing theorists and theories

Purposely omitted from this list is Florence Nightingale. Nightingale never actually formulated a theory of nursing science but was posthumously accredited with formulating some by others who categorized her personal journaling and communications into a theoretical framework.

Also not included are the many nurses who improved on these theorists' ideas without developing their own theoretical vision.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Chinn|first1=Peggy|last2=Kramer|first2=Maeona|title=Integrated Theory & Knowledge Development in Nursing|date=November 30, 2010|publisher=Mosby|location=St. Louis|isbn=0323077188|edition=8}}
2. ^"explanation".http://intranet.tdmu.edu.te.ua/data/kafedra/internal/magistr/lectures_stud/English/First%20year/Nursing%20diagnosis/2.%20Nursing%20theory%20-%20history%20and%20modernity.htm
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://hip.nd.edu.au/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=t&uri=full=3100001~!674606~!6|title=Nursing theory: utilization & application|date=2014-01-01|publisher=Elsevier Mosby|isbn=9780323091893|editor-last=Alligood|editor-first=Martha Raile|edition=5|location=St. Louis, Missouri}}
4. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/nursing_theories_overview.html|title=Nursing Theories: An Overview|website=currentnursing.com|access-date=2016-05-17}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Graneheim|first=U.H|last2=Lundman|first2=B|date=2004-02-01|title=Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness|url=http://www.nurseeducationtoday.com/article/S0260-6917%252803%252900151-5/fulltext?refuid=S0266-6138%252813%252900305-7&refissn=0266-6138&mobileUi=0|journal=Nurse Education Today|language=English|volume=24|issue=2|pages=105–112|doi=10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001|issn=0260-6917}}
6. ^{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Nursing Knowledge. Analysis and evaluation of nursing models and theories|last=Fawcett|first=Jacqueline|last2=DeSanto-Madeya|first2=Susan|publisher=F.A. Davis Company|year=2013|isbn=978-0-8036-2765-9|location=Philadelphia|pages=17}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Barnum|first=Barbara|title=Nursing Theory: Analysis, Application, Evaluation|year=1998|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-1104-3}}
8. ^McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2014). Theoretical basis for nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kolcaba|first=Katherine|date=March–April 2001|title=Evolution of the mid range theory of comfort for outcomes research|url=|journal=Nursing Outlook|volume=49|pages=86–92|via=Elsevier|doi=10.1067/mno.2001.110268}}
10. ^¹{{Cite book|last=McEwen|first=Melanie|last2=Wills|first2=Evelyn|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Williams|year=2014|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857664345|title=Theoretical basis for nursing|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4511-9031-1|oclc=857664345}}
11. ^{{cite book|last1=McEwen|first1=Melanie|title=Theoretical Basis for Nursing|date=2014|publisher=Wolters Kluwer|isbn=978-1-4511-9031-1}}
12. ^{{Cite book|title=Theoretical basis for nursing|last=McEwen|first=Melanie|last2=Wills|first2=Evelyn|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857664345|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Williams|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4511-9031-1|location=Philadelphia|pages=41|oclc=857664345}}
13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Martinsen|first1=Elin Håkonsen|title=Care for Nurses Only? Medicine and the Perceiving Eye|journal=Health Care Analysis|date=March 2011|volume=19|issue=1|pages=15-27|doi=10.1007/s10728-010-0161-9|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|location=Berlin, Germany|issn=1065-3058|pmc=3037482|pmid=21136173}}

Nursing theory

Importance