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词条 2013 Zimbabwean general election
释义

  1. Background

  2. Candidates

     Presidential candidates  Parliamentary candidates 

  3. Campaign

     Regalia  Accusations of unfairness 

  4. Results

     President  House of Assembly  Senate 

  5. Reactions

     Domestic  International 

  6. Aftermath

  7. References

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}{{Infobox Election
| election_name = Zimbabwean presidential election, 2013
| country = Zimbabwe
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Zimbabwean general election, 2008
| previous_year = 2008
| next_election = Zimbabwean general election, 2018
| next_year = 2018
| election_date = 31 July 2013
| image1 =
| nominee1 = Robert Mugabe
| party1 = ZANU–PF
| popular_vote1 = 2,110,434
| percentage1 = 61.09%
| seats won1 = 158
| image2 =
| nominee2 = Morgan Tsvangirai
| party2 = Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai
| popular_vote2 = 1,172,349
| seats won2 = 51
| percentage2 = 34.94%
| map_image = House of Assembly Zimbabwe 2013.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Composition of the House of Assembly
| title = President
| before_election = Robert Mugabe
| before_party = ZANU–PF
| after_election = Robert Mugabe
| after_party = ZANU–PF

}}{{Politics of Zimbabwe}}

General elections were held in Zimbabwe on 31 July 2013.[1] The incumbent President, Robert Mugabe, was re-elected, whilst his ZANU–PF party won a two-thirds majority in the House of Assembly.

Background

This was the first election held under the new constitution approved in a referendum in March 2013[2] and signed into law by President Robert Mugabe on 22 May.[3]

The Supreme Court ruled on 31 May that President Mugabe should set a date as soon as possible, and that presidential and parliamentary elections must be held by 31 July.[4] The ruling followed an application to the court by a Zimbabwean citizen, Jealousy Mawarire,[5] demanding that the country's president set the date for elections before the expiry of the tenure of the seventh parliament, on 29 June 2013. Under the new constitution the winner of the presidential election would serve a five-year term.

Candidates

Presidential candidates

  • Robert Mugabe, ZANU-PF[6]
  • Welshman Ncube, MDC-N[7]
  • Morgan Tsvangirai, MDC-T[8]
  • Dumiso Dabengwa, ZAPU[9]
  • Kisinoti Mukwazhe (also spelt Kisnot Mukwazhi), ZDP.[10] Candidacy later withdrawn.[11][12]

Parliamentary candidates

{{main|List of candidates in the Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2013}}

Most of Zimbabwe's 2010 districts had candidates from all of the three major parties: ZANU-PF, one of the two formulations of the MDC, and ZAPU. Minor party candidates and independents rounded out the field in some districts.

Campaign

In accepting the election date, Tsvangirai said that reforms should have preceded the election, as he began his election campaign. He also claimed that the country wanted to vote Mugabe out.[13] Launching his election campaign, Mugabe called it "a do or die struggle" while making a strong appeal for a peaceful campaign. In the same speech, he warned that he could take Zimbabwe out of SADC "if SADC decides to do stupid things".[14]

Although there were initial discussions about forming a grand coalition between the two MDC parties and other opposition parties,[15][16] by 9 July two separate coalitions had been formed, one comprising MDC-T, Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn and ZANU-Ndonga,[17] and the other coalition comprising MDC and ZAPU.[18]

Regalia

During the campaign, party regalia was supplied by the two main political parties in huge quantities. MDC-T supporters wore red apparel,[19] whilst ZANU-PF supporters wore a variety of colours borrowed from the national flag.[20]

Accusations of unfairness

Allegations were made in 2011, that a third of registered voters were dead or aged 120 (in a country with a life expectancy of 44).[21] These accusations were repeated in 2013, with the additional claim that a considerable number of young voters had not been registered.[22] The Zimbabwe Election Support Network (ZESN), a local observer group with 7,000 monitors, listed a litany of offences, including state media bias, a campaign of intimidation in rural areas, and the rushed electoral process before key reforms to the security services were in place. But the most effective measure was tampering with the electoral rolls. Held back until the day before the election – thus avoiding proper scrutiny – the roll revealed an estimated one million invalid names, including many deceased voters. It excluded up to one million real ones, mostly in urban areas where MDC support is strongest.[23]

On the day of the elections, one of Zimbabwe's electoral commissioners resigned. In his resignation letter, Mkhululi Nyathi of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission wrote, "I do not wish to enumerate the many reasons of my resignation, but they all have to do with the manner the Zimbabwe 2013 harmonised elections were proclaimed and conducted."[24]

The Electoral Commission later reported that approximately 305,000 voters were turned away from polls, with an additional 207,000 voters being "assisted" in casting their ballots.[25] There were also more than 100,000 centenarian ghost voters on the electoral roll.[26]

On 9 August 2013, the Movement for Democratic Change sought to have the results declared null and void.[27] A week later they withdrew their petition.[28] Despite their withdrawal the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe ruled that the election was "free, fair and credible".[29]

Results

Robert Mugabe won 61 percent of the vote to claim a sixth term as president, and was sworn in on Thursday 22 August. Morgan Tsvangirai finished second with 34 per cent of the vote. [30] Mugabe's Zanu-PF party also dominated the parliamentary election winning 160 seats. Tsvangirai's Movement for Democratic Change party won 49 seats.[31]

Reports by the Zimbabwe Election Support Network monitoring group said as many as one million people, mostly in urban areas (which tend to favour the MDC), were unable to cast votes.[31] Other reports suggested that people had been forced to vote for Mugabe.[32] The African Union also had monitors in place and said the election could have been handled better, but that initial reports indicated a fair election had occurred. Western groups were not allowed to send monitors.[31]

President

CandidatePartyVotes%
Robert MugabeZANU–PF2,110,43461.09
Morgan TsvangiraiMovement for Democratic Change–T1,172,34933.94
Welshman NcubeMovement for Democratic Change–N92,6372.68
Dumiso DabengwaZimbabwe African People's Union25,4160.74
Kisinoti MukwazheZimbabwe Development Party9,9310.29
Invalid/blank votes69,280–
Total3,480,047100
Registered voters/turnout5,874,11559.24
Source: ElectionGuide

House of Assembly

PartyVotes%Seats
ElectedWomenTotal
ZANU–PF2,116,11662.3915937196
MDC-T1,027,41230.29492170
MDC-N159,2744.70022
ZAPU14,3120.42000
Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn6,7130.20000
United Movement for Democracy1,4450.04000
ZANU-Ndonga1,1520.03000
FreeZim Congress7390.02000
Alliance Khumbula Ekhaya3800.01000
Progressive and Innovative Movement of Zimbabwe3510.01000
Freedom Front2000.01000
CTD1470.00000
Zimbabwe Development Party1450.00000
People's Democratic Union760.00000
Zimbabwe People's Movement700.00000
Voice of the People380.00000
Independents{{ref label|reference_name_A|a|a}}63,0111.86202
Invalid/blank votes––––
Total3,391,58110021060270
Registered voters/turnout–––
Source: Adam Carr, Election Passport
{{note label|reference_name_A|a|a}} Both the elected independent MPs had failed to win the ZANU-PF nomination for their constituencies.[33]

Senate

PartyVotes%Seats
ZANU–PF2,120,63462.7937
MDC-T1,008,02329.8521
MDC-N158,2634.692
Alliance Khumbula Ekhaya0
Freedom Front0
FreeZim Congress0
Mavambo/Kusile/Dawn0
People's Democratic Union0
Progressive and Innovative Movement of Zimbabwe0
United Movement for Democracy0
Voice of the People0
ZANU-Ndonga0
ZAPU0
Zimbabwe Development Party0
Zimbabwe People's Movement0
Independents0
Chiefs––18
People with disabilities––2
Invalid/blank votes––
Total3,377,276–80
Registered voters/turnout5,874,11557–
Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130919163346/http://www.zec.gov.zw/election-notice-board/election-results/2013-election-results?download=603:provincial-totals-for-party-lists ZEC], ElectionGuide

Reactions

Domestic

The elections were called a "huge farce" by Tsvangirai who said the country was "in mourning" about the results. He claimed over a million voters were turned away from the polling stations, and said the Movement for Democratic Change would no longer work with Mugabe nor participate in government institutions.[31][34] He promised to fight the results in court and diplomatically.[31]

International

  • African Union – The African Union declared that the elections were "free, honest and credible."[35]
  • {{flag|Botswana}} – The government of President Ian Khama has called for an audit of the election results and the Foreign Minister, Phandu Skelemani, has stated that "various incidents and circumstances were revealed that call into question whether the entire electoral process, and thus its final result, can be recognised as having been fair, transparent and credible."[36]
  • {{flag|Mozambique}} – President Armando Guebuza demanded that the elections be a topic of the 2013 SADC Summit in Lilongwe, Malawi.[37]
  • {{flag|Mauritius}} – The Prime Minister, Navin Ramgoolam, congratulated President Mugabe and expressed his view that ZANU-PF's victory will usher in a new era of prosperity and peace for Zimbabweans.[38]
  • {{flag|Namibia}} – President Hifikepunye Pohamba congratulated Mugabe and Zimbabwe for holding free and peaceful elections and stated to Mugabe: "The people of Zimbabwe have once again demonstrated their trust and confidence in the Zanu PF and your personal leadership."[39]
  • {{flag|South Africa}} – President Jacob Zuma congratulated Mugabe for securing a seventh term in office. A statement was issued by the South African Foreign Ministry saying: "President Zuma urges all political parties in Zimbabwe to accept the outcome of the elections as election observers reported it to be an expression of the will of the people."[40]
  • {{flag|SADC}} – The Southern African Development Community called the election "free and peaceful" but reserved judgement on its fairness. On 15 August, it apologised for calling the elections credible in spite of evidence that there were many irregularities.[41]
  • {{flag|Australia}} – The Foreign Minister, Bob Carr, was critical of the election stating: "These appear to have disenfranchised large numbers of voters and raised doubts about the credibility of the election results. Given our doubts about the results, Australia calls for a re-run of the elections based on a verified and agreed voters roll." [40]
  • {{flag|European Union}} – The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Baroness Ashton, said "the EU is concerned about alleged irregularities and reports of incomplete participation, as well as the identified weaknesses in the electoral process and a lack of transparency."[42]
  • {{flag|Russia}} – President Vladimir Putin congratulated Mugabe on his victory and congratulated Zimbabwe for holding "peaceful and credible elections."[43]
  • {{flag|United Kingdom}} – The Foreign Secretary, William Hague, voiced "grave concerns" about the conduct of the election. Hague said there were "serious" questions about the credibility of the election, because of irregularities both in the run-up to the ballot and on polling day.[44]
  • {{flag|United States}} – The United States said the results were not a "credible expression of the will of the Zimbabwean people".[31]

Aftermath

Mugabe was sworn in for his new term as President on 22 August 2013 at a ceremony in Harare. Speaking at the ceremony, he promised economic growth, focusing on mining: "The mining sector will be the centrepiece of our economic recovery and growth. It should generate growth spurts across the sector, reignite that economic miracle which must now happen."[45]

The members of the National Assembly and the Senate were sworn in for the new parliamentary term on 3 September 2013. Given ZANU-PF's large majority of seats, its candidates for the posts of Speaker of the National Assembly and President of the Senate were assured of election, and the MDC-T did not present candidates for the posts. ZANU-PF's candidates were elected without opposition on the same day: in the National Assembly, Jacob Mudenda as Speaker and Mabel Chinomona as Deputy Speaker, and in the Senate, Edna Madzongwe as President and Chenhamo Chimutengwende as Vice-President. MDC-T MPs boycotted the vote that elected Mudenda as Speaker.[46]

On 10 September 2013, Mugabe appointed his new cabinet.[47] The cabinet line-up was generally characterised as rewarding veteran ZANU-PF hardliners, who were appointed to most of the key posts: Patrick Chinamasa as Minister of Finance, Emmerson Mnangagwa as Minister of Justice, Sydney Sekeramayi as Minister of Defense, and Jonathan Moyo as Minister of Information.[48] However, some posts went to ZANU-PF moderates and younger politicians.[49]

President Mugabe opened Parliament on 17 September 2013. On that occasion he vowed that "the indigenisation programme is to be pursued with renewed vigour".[50]

References

1. ^{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/zimbabwe-president-robert-mugabe-officially-proclaims-election-date-19391209#.Ubnfu9jc-UQ|title=Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe Officially Proclaims New Election Date of July 31|date=13 June 2013|accessdate=13 June 2013}}
2. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21845444 |title=BBC News – Zimbabwe approves new constitution |publisher=BBC |date=19 March 2013 |accessdate=29 July 2013}}
3. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/05/2013522105015147596.html |title=Zimbabwe's Mugabe signs new constitution – Africa |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=29 July 2013}}
4. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22728189 Zimbabwe elections 'must be held by 31 July'] BBC News, 31 May 2013
5. ^{{cite news|author=Reuters in Harare |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/31/robert-mugabe-elections-july-zimbabwe-court |title=Robert Mugabe must hold elections by end of July, says Zimbabwe court |work=The Guardian |accessdate=29 July 2013 |location=London |date=31 May 2013}}
6. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16128774 |title=BBC News – Robert Mugabe insists on re-election bid in Zimbabwe |publisher=BBC |date=10 December 2011 |accessdate=29 July 2013}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mdczim.net/article/260/prof_welshman_ncube_files_nomination_papers |title=Prof. Welshman Ncube files nomination papers |publisher=MDC |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=8 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203063612/http://www.mdczim.net/article/260/prof_welshman_ncube_files_nomination_papers |archivedate=3 February 2016 }}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mdc.co.zw/index.php/category-table4/8-latest-news/202-president-morgan-tsvangirais-speech-at-the-launch-of-the-2013-harmonised-election-campaign-marondera&Itemid=82 |title=President Morgan Tsvangirai's speech at the launch of the 2013 Harmonised Election Campaign Marondera |publisher=MDC-T |date=7 July 2013 |accessdate=8 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712022101/http://mdc.co.zw/index.php/category-table4/8-latest-news/202-president-morgan-tsvangirais-speech-at-the-launch-of-the-2013-harmonised-election-campaign-marondera%26Itemid%3D82# |archivedate=12 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
9. ^{{cite news|last=Nkala |first=Thulani |url=http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-local-byo-29989.html |title=Dr Dabengwa nominated as Zapu presidential candidate |publisher=Bulawayo24 NEWS |accessdate=29 July 2013}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/07/09/race-for-the-presidency/ |title=Race for the Presidency |publisher=Newsday.co.zw |date=9 July 2013 |accessdate=29 July 2013}}
11. ^Zimbabwe: 2013 Presidential election candidates {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001230435/http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim2013candidates.htm# |date=1 October 2013 }} EISA
12. ^{{cite news|last=Zivira|first=Tapiwa|title=Mukwazhe withdraws from presidential race|url=http://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/07/27/breaking-mukwazhe-withdraws-from-presidential-race/|newspaper=NewsDay|date=27 July 2013}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/20137811313235244.html|title= Zimbabwe PM says nation wants Mugabe out|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=8 July 2013|accessdate=9 July 2013}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/world/2013/07/08/mugabe-launches-a-do-or-die-re-election-campaign|title=Mugabe launches a 'do or die' re-election campaign|date=8 July 2013|accessdate=9 July 2013|work=The Sowetan}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-06-28-00-parties-consider-coalition |title=Zim: Parties consider coalition |work=Mail & Guardian |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=29 July 2013}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2013/06/28/makoni-backs-tsvangirai |title=Makoni backs Tsvangirai – DailyNews Live |publisher=Dailynews.co.zw |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=29 July 2013}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-11626-BREAKING+-+PM,+Makoni+announce+coalition/news.aspx |title=Tsvangirai, Makoni agree coalition deal |publisher=Newzimbabwe.com |accessdate=29 July 2013}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/07/06/ncube-dabengwa-form-poll-pact/ |title=Ncube, Dabengwa form poll pact |publisher=Newsday.co.zw |date=6 July 2013 |accessdate=29 July 2013}}
19. ^ {{dead link|date=August 2013}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://img.bulawayo24.com/articles/zanu-supporters-banner.jpg&imgrefurl=http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-32797.html&usg=__Wvp6J_f9bgAWosPNVAlx6xyzBvE=&h=388&w=674&sz=82&hl=en&start=7&zoom=1&tbnid=qfnpwzTc-pmPfM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=138&ei=Y2z2UdPFJIXCtAbk-oGgBw&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CDgQrQMwBg |title=Google Image Result for http://img.bulawayo24.com/articles/zanu-supporters-banner.jpg |publisher=Google.co.zw |accessdate=29 July 2013}}
21. ^{{cite web|first=David |last=Smith |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/21/third-zimbabwe-registered-voters-dead |title=Third of Zimbabwe's registered voters are dead |work=The Guardian |accessdate=2 August 2013}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-05-00-zimbabwe-roll-excludes-millions-of-young-voters |title=Zimbabwe roll excludes millions of young voters |work= Mail & Guardian|date=5 July 2013 |accessdate=2 August 2013}}
23. ^{{cite news|last=Cendrowicz|first=Leo|title=Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe election victory was a 'masterclass in electoral fraud'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/robert-mugabes-zimbabwe-election-victory-was-a-masterclass-in-electoral-fraud-8744348.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=2 August 2013|location=London}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Zim electoral commissioner resigns over unfair elections|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-08-03-zimbabwe-electoral-commissioner-resigns|date=3 August 2013|work=Mail & Guardian|accessdate=3 August 2013}}
25. ^{{cite news|title=Zimbabwe Electoral Commission: 305,000 voters turned away|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23618743|date=8 August 2013|work=BBC}}
26. ^https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21583254-robert-mugabe-claims-another-dubious-victory-polls-stealing-vim Elections in Zimbabwe: Stealing the vim from Zim
27. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23637580 | work=BBC News | title=Zimbabwe's MDC challenges Robert Mugabe election victory | date=9 August 2013}}
28. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23733748 | work=BBC News | title=Zimbabwe's MDC drops Robert Mugabe election challenge | date=16 August 2013}}
29. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23771763 | work=BBC News | title=Zimbabwe's Tsvangirai may be charged for 'judiciary insult' | date=20 August 2013}}
30. ^http://www.modernghana.com/print/172281/1/zimbabwes-mugabe-to-be-sworn-in-thursday.html
31. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|title=Zimbabwe President Mugabe re-elected amid fraud claims|date=3 August 2013|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23563029|accessdate=3 August 2013}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23512279 |title=Zimbabwe election: queuing voters given more time |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2 August 2013 |date=31 July 2013}}
33. ^Elections to the House of Assembly Adam Carr
34. ^{{cite news|first=Andrew |last=Harding |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23530095 |title=BBC News – Zimbabwe election was huge farce – Morgan Tsvangirai |publisher=BBC|accessdate=2 August 2013 |date=1 August 2013}}
35. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23546050 |title=Zimbabwe poll was 'free, honest and credible' – African Union |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2 August 2013 |date=2 August 2013}}
36. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130805/botswana-calls-audit-zimbabwe-vote |title=Botswana calls for audit of Zimbabwe vote ' – Botswana |publisher=Global Post |accessdate=11 August 2013}}
37. ^http://www.zimeye.org/?p=87996
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://zimbabweelection.com/2013/08/06/namibia-mauritius-congratulate-president-mugabe/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=11 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815052303/http://zimbabweelection.com/2013/08/06/namibia-mauritius-congratulate-president-mugabe/ |archivedate=15 August 2013 }}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.co.zw/2013/08/08/more-sadc-states-endorse-mugabe/ |title=More Sadc states endorse Mugabe |publisher=NewsDay |date=8 August 2013 |accessdate=11 August 2013}}
40. ^1 {{cite news|last=Saul|first=Heather|title=South African President Jacob Zuma congratulates Robert Mugabe on his landslide victory in Zimbabwe elections|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-african-president-jacob-zuma-congratulates-robert-mugabe-on-his-landslide-victory-in-zimbabwe-elections-8745168.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=4 August 2013|location=London}}
41. ^http://www.legalbrief.co.za/article.php?story=20130815084009119
42. ^https://news.yahoo.com/eu-concerned-lack-transparency-zimbabwe-election-162147814.html{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
43. ^{{citeweb|url=http://zimbabweelection.com/2013/08/06/russia-and-zambia-congratulate-pres-mugabe/ |title=Russia and Zambia congratulate Pres Mugabe |publisher=Free & Fair Zimbabwe Election |date=6 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812101908/http://zimbabweelection.com/2013/08/06/russia-and-zambia-congratulate-pres-mugabe/ |archivedate=12 August 2013 }}
44. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23561298 |title=BBC News – Zimbabwe election: William Hague voices 'grave concerns' |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=4 August 2013}}
45. ^Reagan Mashavave, [https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5htHdHeuphXuzn9EpqpT58yu20u4g?docId=CNG.6af7d4d6985cc13a78dc71d998a16804.71&hl=en "Defiant Mugabe sworn in for new term"], AFP, 22 August 2013.
46. ^"MPs sworn in", The Herald, 3 September 2013.
47. ^"President Mugabe Appoints New Cabinet", The Herald, 10 September 2013.
48. ^Aislinn Laing, "Zimbabwe: Mugabe loads new cabinet with hardliners", The Christian Science Monitor, 11 September 2013.
49. ^"Mugabe shuffles the pack, again", Africa Confidential, volume 54, number 19, 20 September 2013.
50. ^[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iLQD-t3ZddySS1mOGMz2gY5ahvSQ?docId=CNG.25c310dff1334895b54d70602eb75849.281&hl=en "Mugabe vows 'renewed vigour' for indigenisation drive"], AFP, 17 September 2013.
{{Zimbabwean elections}}

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