| 词条 | Anuta |
| 释义 |
| name = Anuta (Anuda) | image_name = Anuta_169.85030E_11.61124S.png | image_caption = NASA Satellite Image Geocover 2000 | image_size = | map_image = Karta SB SantaCruz isl.PNG | map_caption = Santa Cruz Islands overview map | native_name = | native_name_link = | nickname = Cherry Island | location = Pacific Ocean | coordinates={{coord|11|36|39|S|169|51|01|E|region:SB-TE_type:isle|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = Solomon Islands | major_islands = | area_km2 = 0.37 | length_km = 0.876 | width_km = 0.576 | shore = | highest_mount = | elevation_m = 65 | country = Solomon Islands | country_admin_divisions_title = Province | country_admin_divisions = Temotu | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = | country_admin_divisions_1 = | country_largest_city = Mua | country_largest_city_population = 200 | population = 300 | population_as_of = | density_km2 = 811 | ethnic_groups = Polynesians | additional_info = }} Anuta is a small high island in the southeastern part of the Solomon Islands province of Temotu, one of the smallest permanently inhabited Polynesian islands.[1] It is one of the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia. Geography{{Location map|Pacific Ocean |label=Anuta |lon_dir=E |lat_dir=S |lat_deg=11|lat_min=36 |lon_deg=169|lon_min=51 |position=right |width=250 |float=right |mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg |marksize=20 |caption=Location of Anuta in the Pacific Ocean }} The island lies about {{convert|311|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} to the east-southeast of Nendö. It is a small volcanic island with a fringing coral reef. The highest point on the island is {{convert|213|ft|m|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} above sea level. The island has a diameter of only about {{convert|820|yd|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} and an area of 0.4 square kilometres. The island lies halfway between the Solomon Islands archipelago and Tuvalu. Anuta's nearest populated neighbour is Tikopia Island, about 112 kilometres to the southwest. The next closest islands are Vanikolo, Utupua, and the Reef Islands—with mixed Melanesian and Polynesian populations—and the Duff Islands, all over 320 kilometres away. Further southwest lie the Banks and New Hebrides Groups.[2] HistoryAnuta was first mentioned in 1791, and the political and geographical circumstances led to isolation of Anuta's population.[3] According to oral traditions, Anuta was settled by voyagers from Tonga and 'Uvea about fifteen generations ago. The time frame of the migration is not precisely identified but is understood to be some time between the 10th century and the mid-13th century,[4] although the arrival of the voyagers in Anuta could have occurred later. The pattern of settlement that is believed to have occurred is that the Polynesians spread out from Tonga and other islands in the central and southeastern Pacific islands. During pre-European-contact times, there was frequent canoe voyaging between the islands, because Polynesian navigation skills are recognised to have allowed deliberate journeys on double-hull sailing canoes or outrigger canoes.[5] The voyagers moved into the Tuvaluan atolls, with Tuvalu providing a stepping-stone to migration into the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia and Micronesia.[6][7][8] The current social structure was established about ten generations ago, when the chief, Tearakura, his two brothers, and one brother-in-law slew the remainder of the island's male population. These men, along with Tearakura's two sisters, were founders of the island's four kainanga, large descent groups that are sometimes described in English as 'clans'. Anglican missionaries arrived in 1916 and established a church, which plays an important part for Anutans, offering church services twice a day. During the 1990s, Anuta's advisers rejected western medicines on the island, arguing that it would indicate a lack of faith in the church.[3] In December 2002, the island was impacted by Cyclone Zoe.[9] Society and cultureAnuta has a human population of about 300. This is one of the highest population densities in the world, perhaps equalling that of Bangladesh.[10] The island has two systems for naming villages (noporanga, or "dwelling places"). In one system there are three villages called Mua, Muri, and St. John. Mua, meaning "front", is to the east. Muri, meaning "back" is west of Mua. After establishment of the Anglican church in 1916, a third village grew up to the west of Muri and took the name of the church, St. John. In the second system, Mua and Muri are combined under the name, Rotoapi, and contrasted with the new village which, in the second system, is called Vatiana. Anutans use the uninhabited island of Fatutaka, about {{convert|37|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} to the southeast, as a place to hunt birds. LanguageAnutans speak the Anuta language (locally te taranga paka-Anuta), which is related to other Polynesian languages. Relationship with environmentAn important value in Anutan society is aropa, which emphasizes collaboration, sharing and compassion for others. The concept of aropa encourages islanders to share their finite resources equitably.[11][12] Because Anuta's high population density has not had a severely negative impact on the island's ecosystem, Anuta has attracted interest from scientists interested in sustainability. The BBC documentary series South Pacific devotes part of an episode to the ability of Anutans to maintain their island's bounty, contrasting it with the environmental destruction found on Easter Island. The Anuta tribe takes care to fulfil their needs with respect to the environment, to preserve it. At certain times they do not catch certain fish or hunt animals.[13] Social lifeLike most of the other Polynesian islands, Anuta has traditions of choral polyphonic singing. Free time is spent dancing, singing and swimming.[13] Research and media exposureAnthropologist Raymond Firth visited Anuta for a day in 1952. Ethnobotanist Douglas Yen, along with archaeologists Patrick Kirch and Paul Rosendahl,[14][15] spent about two months there in 1971, and anthropologist Richard Feinberg lived on Anuta for almost a year in 1972–1973. He has remained in communication with the Anutan community from that time onward and has made several additional visits. In January 2005 Italian documentarists Elisabetta (Lizzi) Eordegh and Carlo Auriemma sailed aboard the sailing boat "Barca Pulita" with a crew of four (including two doctors) and visited the island for one week.[16] In 2006, Bruce Parry of the BBC visited for several weeks, during which he and his team filmed an episode of the TV show, Tribe.[12] In 2008, another film team from the BBC made a brief visit, and in 2012 a team from the Seoul Broadcasting Service filmed a TV show there for a Korean audience.[17] See also
References1. ^Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel (Norton) 1997, p. 59. 2. ^{{cite web |title=Anuta Island |url=http://www.solomonencyclopaedia.net/biogs/E000010b.htm |website=Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia 1893-1978 |accessdate=5 August 2018}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tribe/tribes/anuta/|author=BBC|title=The island of Anuta|year=March 2008}} 4. ^{{cite journal|author=Kennedy, Donald G. |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_38_1929/Field_notes_on_the_culture_of_Vaitupu%2C_Ellice_Islands%2C_by_Donald_Gilbert_Kennedy%2C_p_1-99/p1?action=null |title=Field Notes on the Culture of Vaitupu, Ellice Islands|journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society|volume=38|year= 1929|pages= 2–5}} 5. ^{{cite book |last1= Bellwood|first1= Peter|authorlink1= |title=The Polynesians – Prehistory of an Island People |url= |format= |accessdate= |year= 1987 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location= |language= |isbn=|oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages=39–44|chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= }} 6. ^{{cite book |last1= Bellwood|first1= Peter|title=The Polynesians – Prehistory of an Island People|year= 1987 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |pages=29, 54|isbn=0500274509}} 7. ^{{cite book |last1=Bayard|first1=D.T.|title=The Cultural Relationships of the Polynesian Outiers |year= 1976 |publisher=Otago University, Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology, Vol. 9}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Kirch|first1=P.V. |title=The Polynesian Outiers|year= 1984 |volume=95 |issue=4|journal= Journal of Pacific History|pages=224–238|doi=10.1080/00223348408572496}} 9. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/01/1041196688272.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald|author=Malcolm Brown and Sarah Crichton | title=Devastated islands languish as cyclone relief stuck in port|date=2 January 2003}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00k8lfz|title= Anuta – An Island Governed By Love|publisher=BBC Radio 4|accessdate=14 October 2009}} 11. ^See Feinberg 2012. 12. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/tribe/tribes/anuta/index.shtml |title=BBC – Tribe – Anuta |deadurl=no |accessdate=7 June 2013}} 13. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WRwQCqS06E8C&pg=PA41 |page=41|title=Business in Society|first1=Carol |last1=Stephenson|first2=Harriet |last2=Bradley|year=2009|isbn=9780745642321}} 14. ^{{citation |year=1982 |author= Kirch, Patrick Vinton |author2=Yen, D.E |authorlink= |title= Tikopia; The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier |publisher= Bishop Museum Press |place=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=9780910240307}} 15. ^{{citation |year=1990 |author= Kirch, Patrick Vinton |author2= D. Steadman and D. S. Pahlavan |authorlink= |title= Extinction, biogeography, and human exploitation of birds on Anuta and Tikopia, Solomon Islands|publisher= Occasional Papers of the Bishop Museum 30:118-153|place=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.barcapulita.eu/anuta/ |title=Barca Pulita - Anuta |deadurl=no |accessdate=10 February 2014}} 17. ^{{cite news |title= Harmony thrives in Pacific isolation|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7525252.stm |work= From Our Own Correspondent|publisher=BBC|date= 26 July 2008|accessdate=8 August 2008 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080728005134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7525252.stm| archivedate= 28 July 2008 | deadurl= no}} Further reading
External links
4 : Islands of the Solomon Islands|Polynesian outliers|Tribes of Oceania|Volcanoes of the Solomon Islands |
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