| 词条 | Níðhöggr | ||||||
| 释义 |
In Norse mythology, Níðhöggr (Malice Striker, traditionally also spelled Níðhǫggr, often anglicized Nidhogg[1]) is a dragon/serpent who gnaws at a root of the world tree, Yggdrasil. In historical Viking society, níð was a term for a social stigma implying the loss of honor and the status of a villain. Thus, its name might refer to its role as a horrific monster or in its action of chewing the corpses of the inhabitants of Náströnd: those guilty of murder, adultery, and oath-breaking, which Norse society considered among the worst possible crimes. OrthographyIn the standardized Old Norse orthography, the name is spelled {{lang|non|Níðhǫggr}}, but the letter {{lang|non|ǫ}} is frequently replaced with the Modern Icelandic {{lang|is|ö}} for reasons of familiarity or technical expediency. The name can be represented in English texts with i for í; th, d or (rarely) dh for ð; o for ǫ and optionally without r as in Modern Scandinavian reflexes. The Modern Icelandic form {{lang|is|Níðhöggur}} is also sometimes seen, with special characters or similarly anglicized. The Danish forms {{lang|da|Nidhug}} and {{lang|da|Nidhøg}} can also be encountered; or Norwegian {{lang|no|Nidhogg}} and Swedish {{lang|sv|Nidhögg}}. Prose EddaAccording to the Gylfaginning part of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, Níðhǫggr is a being which gnaws one of the three roots of Yggdrasill. It is sometimes believed that the roots are trapping the beast from the world. This root is placed over Niflheimr and Níðhǫggr gnaws it from beneath. The same source also says that "[t]he squirrel called Ratatoskr runs up and down the length of the Ash, bearing envious words between the eagle and Nídhǫggr [the snake]."[2] In the Skáldskaparmál section of the Prose Edda Snorri specifies Níðhǫggr as a serpent in a list of names of such creatures: These are names for serpents: dragon, Fafnir, Jormungand, adder, Nidhogg, snake, viper, Goin, Moin, Grafvitnir, Grabak, Ofnir, Svafnir, masked one.[3] Snorri's knowledge of Níðhǫggr seems to come from two of the Eddic poems: Grímnismál and Völuspá. Later in Skáldskaparmál, Snorri includes Níðhǫggr in a list of various terms and names for swords.[4] Poetic EddaThe poem Grímnismál identifies a number of beings which live in Yggdrasill. The tree suffers great hardship from all the creatures which live on it. The poem identifies Níðhǫggr as tearing at the tree from beneath and also mentions Ratatoskr as carrying messages between Níðhǫggr and the eagle who lives at the top of the tree. Snorri Sturluson often quotes Grímnismál and clearly used it as his source for this information. The poem Völuspá mentions Níðhöggr/Níðhǫggr twice. The first instance is in its description of Náströnd.
Níðhöggr/Níðhǫggr is also mentioned at the end of Völuspá, where he is identified as a dragon and a serpent.
The context and meaning of this stanza are disputed. The most prevalent opinion is that the arrival of Níðhǫggr heralds Ragnarök and thus that the poem ends on a tone of ominous warning. It could be however, as the prevalent themes of Norse mythology are those of change and renewal, that this could be a 'redemption' of the serpent, 'shedding' the corpses and beginning life anew, much like a macabre Phoenix. Níðhǫggr is not mentioned elsewhere in any ancient source. Modern culture{{in popular culture|date=September 2018}}The Nidhogg appears in games such as Fate of the Norns,[5]Tower of Saviors, Age of Mythology, Final Fantasy XIV, Megami Tensei, World of Warcraft,[6] Ragnarok Online, and the 2014 indie fencing game Nidhogg, as well as its 2017 sequel, Nidhogg 2. Although not in the game, Nidhogg is shown as a comparison for Alduin, the main antagonist of Skyrim, in the sense both feed on the dead and are the symbols of destruction. In Alduin's case he feeds on the souls of the dead in Sovngarde, the afterlife of the natives of Skyrim and is prophecised to bring the end of the world, gaining the title World-Eater which could be a reference to Nidhogg's gnawing at the roots of Yggdrasil. In Eve Online, a class of capital ships, the Minmatar carrier, are called Nidhoggur. The Minmatar Republic in the game often uses Norse mythology in ship class names, such as Loki, Hel, and Ragnarok. Nidhogg is the subject of the song "On a Sea of Blood" from the album Jomsviking by Swedish melodic death metal band Amon Amarth. Another reference, albeit small, is the 50% form of Zygarde, a serpentine style Pokémon known as the Order Pokémon. This goes along with Xerneas, the Life Pokémon, being the stag of life, Dvalinn, and Yveltal, the Destruction Pokémon, being Hraesvelgr. Niðhöggr appears in Ichiei Ishibumi's light novel series High School DxD. Nidhogg is also the name of a bow in both The Sacred Stones and Fire Emblem Heroes. Nidhogg appears as a monster in the fantasy book The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel by Michael Scott. In the Korean manhwa, Into the Abyss, Nidhogg is featured as the Queen of Dragons who is able to destroy an army of Titans under the control of Valkyrie Sarah Irine. It also appears in the Korean web novel The Book Eating Magician. Nidhogg's eye is the button found in a carving of Yggdrasil the Red Skull pushes to reveal the Tesseract in the Marvel film The First Avenger. In 2018 Philippine TV Series Victor Magtanggol, Nidhogg is a type of serpent with small arms and bat like wings. He is Loki's pet, adviser, messenger and right hand which tell him what to do and how to help him defeat his enemies. Niðhöggr is seen gnawing the root of Yggdrasil in the 2015 game Jotun during a section of the game taking place in the roots of Yggdrasil Nidhogg appears as a sub-boss in the Roots of Yggdrasil in the 2018 game La-Mulana 2. In the 2019 video game Devil May Cry 5, the Nidhogg parasite helps you progress through the story by killing parts of the demon trees roots. This maybe a direct reference to the Yggdrasil and how Nidhogg eats it's roots. Nidhogg is also a boss fight in this video game. See also
References1. ^While the suffix of the name, -höggr, clearly means "striker" the prefix is not as clear. In particular the length of the first vowel is not determined in the original sources. Some scholars prefer the reading Niðhöggr (Striker in the Dark). 2. ^Gylfaginning XVI, Brodeur's translation. 3. ^Faulkes translation, p.137 4. ^Faulkes translation, p.159 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Valkauskas|first1=Andrew|title=Denizens of the North|date=2015|publisher=Pendelhaven|location=Canada|isbn=9780986541469|pages=96–97|edition=1st}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.wowhead.com/npc=107544/nithogg|title=Nithogg|newspaper=Wowhead|access-date=2016-10-17}} Bibliography{{commons category}}
3 : Creatures in Norse mythology|European dragons|Legendary serpents |
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