| 词条 | Nördlinger Ries | ||||
| 释义 |
| name = Nördlinger Ries | other_name = | photo = Nördlinger Ries Relief Map, SRTM-1.jpg | photo_size = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = Relief Map of Nördlinger Ries | map = Germany | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of the crater in Germany | map_size = | location = | label = | label_position = | coordinates = {{Coord|48|53|N|10|34|E|region:DE-BY_type:city|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | confidence = Confirmed | diameter = {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} | depth = | rise = | imp_size = | age = 15.1 ± 0.1 Ma Middle Miocene | exposed = Yes | drilled = Yes | bolide = Achondrite | translation = | language = | pronunciation = | topo = | access = | country = {{GER}} | state = Bavaria | province = | district = Donau-Ries | municipality = Nördlingen }} The Nördlinger Ries is an impact crater, large circular depression in western Bavaria, Germany, located north of the Danube in the district of Donau-Ries. The city of Nördlingen is located inside the depression, about {{convert|6|km|sp=us}} southwest of its centre. Etymology"Ries" is derived from Raetia, since the tribe of Raetians lived in the area in pre-Roman times.[1][2] DescriptionThe depression is interpreted as a meteorite impact crater formed 14.808 ± 0.038 million years ago in the Miocene.[3] The crater is most commonly referred to simply as Ries crater or the Ries. The original crater rim had an estimated diameter of {{convert|24|km|sp=us}}. The present floor of the depression is about {{convert|100|to|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} below the eroded remains of the rim. It was originally assumed that the Ries was of volcanic origin. In 1960 Eugene Shoemaker and Edward C. T. Chao showed that the depression was caused by meteorite impact.[1] The key evidence was the presence of coesite, which, in unmetamorphosed rocks, can only be formed by the shock pressures associated with meteorite impact. The coesite was found in suevite from Otting quarry,[1] but even before, Shoemaker was encouraged by the Nördlingen St. George's church built of locally derived suevite. The suevite was formed from mesozoic sediments shocked by the bolide impact.[2][3] The Ries impact crater was a rampart crater, thus far a unique finding on Earth.[4] Rampart craters are almost exclusively found on Mars. Rampart craters exhibit a fluidized ejecta flow after impact of the meteorite, most simply compared to a bullet fired into mud, with the ejecta resembling a mudflow. Another impact crater, the much smaller (3.8 km diameter) Steinheim crater,[5] is located about {{convert|42|km|mi|abbr=on}} west-southwest from the centre of Ries. The two craters are believed to have formed nearly simultaneously by the impact of a binary asteroid. Recent computer modeling of the impact event indicates that the impactors probably had diameters of about {{convert|1.5|km|ft|sp=us}} (Ries) and {{convert|150|m|ft|sp=us}} (Steinheim), had a pre-impact separation of some tens of kilometers, and impacted the target area at an angle around 30 to 50 degrees from the surface in a west-southwest to east-northeast direction. The impact velocity is thought to have been about {{convert|20|km/s|mph|abbr=on}}. The resulting explosion had the power of 1.8 million Hiroshima bombs, an energy of roughly 2.4{{e|21}} joules. The Ries crater impact event is believed to be the source of moldavite tektites found in Bohemia and Moravia (Czech Republic).[6] The tektite melt originated from a sand-rich surface layer that was ejected to distances up to {{convert|450|km|mi|abbr=on}} downrange of the crater. Stone buildings in Nördlingen contain millions of tiny diamonds, all less than {{convert|0.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} across. The impact that caused the Nördlinger Ries crater created an estimated {{convert|72000|t|ST|lk=on}} of them when it impacted a local graphite deposit. Stone from this area was quarried and used to build the local buildings.[7] ArchaeologyOn one edge of the Nördlinger Ries are the Ofnet Caves, where, at the beginning of the 20th century, archaeologists discovered thirty-three human skulls dating to the Mesolithic period.[8] GalleryReferences1. ^1 E.M. Shoemaker and E.C.T. Chao (1961). New Evidence for the Impact Origin of the Ries Basin, Bavaria, Germany. J. Geophys. Res., 66(10), 3371–3378. {{doi|10.1029/JZ066i010p03371}} [9][10][11]2. ^Johannes Baier: Die Auswurfprodukte des Ries-Impakts, Deutschland, in Documenta Naturae, Vol. 162, München, 2007. {{ISBN|978-3-86544-162-1}}; Johannes Baier: Zur Herkunft der Suevit-Grundmasse des Ries-Impakt Kraters, in Documenta Naturae, Vol. 172, Munich, 2008. {{ISBN|978-3-86544-172-0}} 3. ^Johannes Baier: Die Bedeutung von Wasser während der Suevit-Bildung (Ries-Impakt, Deutschland). - Jber. Mitt. oberrhein. geol. Ver., N. F. 94, 55-69, 2012. 4. ^{{cite journal | url=http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/41/5/531.abstract | title=The Ries impact, a double-layer rampart crater on Earth | first=Sebastian | last=Sturm | first2=Gerwin | last2=Wulf | first3=Dietmar | last3=Jung | first4=Thomas | last4=Kenkmann | journal=Geology | year=2013 | volume=41 | issue=5 | pages=531–534 | doi=10.1130/G33934.1| bibcode=2013Geo....41..531S }} 5. ^Johannes Baier & Armin Scherzinger: Der neue Geologische Lehrpfad im Steinheimer Impakt-Krater. - Jber. Mitt. oberrhein. geol. Ver, N. F. 92, 9-24, 2010. 6. ^Günther Graup, Peter Horn, Horst Köhler & Dieter Müller-Sohnius: Source material for moldavites and bentonites. In Naturwissenschaften. Vol. 67, Berlin, 1981. 7. ^John Emsley (2001). Nature's Building Blocks. Oxford University Press, pp. 99. {{ISBN|0-19-850341-5}}. 8. ^{{Cite book|last=Onians|first=R. B.|title=The Origins of European Thought|year=1988|page=541|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521347945}} 9. ^1 {{cite book |chapter = 37 Ries |title = Entwurf einer kulturlandschaftlichen Gliederung Bayerns als Beitrag zur Biodiversität |url=https://www.lfu.bayern.de/natur/kulturlandschaft/kulturlandschaftliche_gliederung/index.htm |chapterurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212025306/https://www.lfu.bayern.de/natur/kulturlandschaft/entwurf_gliederung/doc/37_ries.pdf |publisher = Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt |date = 2011}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal |title =A high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age for the Nördlinger Ries impact crater, Germany, and implications for the accurate dating of terrestrial impact events |author =Schmieder M., Kennedy T., Jourdan F., Buchner E., Reimold W. U. |date =2018 |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume =220 |pages =146–157 |doi =10.1016/j.gca.2017.09.036 |bibcode=2018GeCoA.220..146S}} 11. ^1 {{cite journal |title =The Dialect of the Ries |author =Schmidt F. G. G. |date =1896 |journal=Modern Language Notes |volume =11 |issue =5 |pages =142–144 |doi =10.2307/2918785 |jstor =2918785 }} }} External links{{Commons|Nördlinger Ries}}
7 : Impact craters of Germany|Miocene impact craters|Neogene Germany|Paleontological sites of Europe|Landforms of Bavaria|Natural regions of the Swabian Keuper-Lias Plains|Geological type localities |
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