| 词条 | 2015 Sabah earthquake | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| title = 2015 Sabah earthquake | timestamp = 2015-06-04 23:15:43 |anss-url = us20002m5s |isc-event = 610635042 | local-date = {{Start date|2015|06|05|df=yes}} | local-time = 07:15:43 MST (00)[1] | map = {{Location map+| Malaysia | places ={{Location map~|Malaysia|lat=5.980|long=116.525|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}} | relief = yes | width = 250 | float = centre | caption = }} | magnitude = 6.0 (Mw) (USGS) 5.9 (Mw) (MetMalaysia) | type = Dip-slip (normal) | depth = {{Convert|10|km|mi||abbr=on}}[1] | duration = 30 seconds | intensity = VII (Very strong) | aftershocks = 130 (As of 1 April 2016)[1] | location = {{coord|5.980|116.525|region:MY_type:event|display=inline,title}}[1] | countries affected = West Coast & Interior Division (Mount Kinabalu area), Sabah, East Malaysia | damage = Building and infrastructure damage, landslides & geological changes, $2.84 billion (USD) | landslide = Yes | casualties = 18 deaths 11 wounded }} The 2015 Sabah earthquake ({{lang-ms| Gempa Bumi Sabah 2015}}) struck Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia with a moment magnitude of 6.0 on 5 June,[2] which lasted for 30 seconds.[3] The earthquake was the strongest to affect Malaysia since the 1976 Sabah earthquake.[4] Tremors were also felt in Tambunan, Tuaran, Kota Kinabalu, Inanam, Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, Kudat, Likas, Penampang, Putatan, Kinarut, Papar, Beaufort, Keningau, Beluran, Sandakan, Kunak, Tawau in Sabah and as far afield as Federal Territory of Labuan, Lawas, Limbang and Miri in Sarawak as well as Bandar Seri Begawan in Brunei.[5][6][7][8][9] Eighteen fatalities were reported, all occurring on Mount Kinabalu,[10] including nine Singaporeans, six Malaysians, and three miscellaneous nationals. About 137 climbers were stranded on the mountain but were subsequently rescued.[11] As a result of the earthquake, most areas in the Kinabalu Park have been closed temporarily until the situation is cleared and undergoing repairs and rehabilitation.[12][13] Tectonic settingSabah lies within the Sunda Plate away from any plate boundaries. It was the location of a convergent plate boundary until some time during the Early Miocene. Since then Sabah has been massively uplifted, with the Kinabalu Granite, which was emplaced during the early Late Miocene (between 7.8–7.2 million years ago), being exhumed at a rate of 7 mm per year during Late Miocene–Early Pliocene (~ 8–3 Ma ago).[14] the region continues to rise at a long term rate of about 0.5 mm each year.[15] The uplift is thought to be a result of either break-off of the subducted slab or delamination of the lithosphere. Despite not being at a plate boundary, GPS measurements show that the coastal part of Sabah is moving towards the north-west. The uplift is thought to be driving gravitational collapse with sliding of the northwestern part of Sabah being accommodated by extension. This is consistent with the focal mechanism of earlier earthquakes in the onshore area.[16] EarthquakeThe earthquake occurred on 5 June 2015 at MST (23:15:43 UTC) at a depth of approximately {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}},[2] with its epicentre approximately {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Ranau and lasting for thirty seconds.[3][17] The earthquake was initially reported as 6.0 Mw by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) while the Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 5.9 Ms.[2][18] CauseThe earthquake was caused by movement on a SW-NE trending normal fault.[19] As the epicentre of the earthquake was near to Mount Kinabalu, the shaking caused massive landslides around the mountain.[20] Local native beliefsAccording to the claims of local natives, the earthquake was caused by "aki" (the mountain protectors) who had become angered over the acts of ten western tourists (comprising six men and four women from Canada, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom)[21] who "stripped and urinated at the mountain (which is believed by local natives as a sacred place) on 30 May", six days before the earthquake happened.[22][23] The tourists also shouted vulgarities when they were told to desist by their mountain guide.[24][25] The acts provoked outrage among Sabahan natives who want all of the alleged offenders charged in native court and forced to pay the "sogit", a type of compensation, given in the form of money or livestock, to appease the aggrieved party according to local Kadazan-Dusun native customs. It is imposed on wrongdoers for the purpose of appeasing "the aggrieved", thus placating the native community.[26] However, as most of the detained tourists have been released from Malaysia's prison and escaping native court, the local villagers had performed their own rituals.[27] The misconduct was also condemned by the Science Adviser to the Malaysian Prime Minister who said: {{quote|Science has no answer to that (the sacred mountain). If the mountain is sacred, we have to respect that. It is part of the traditional and local knowledge that are increasingly recognised by the international community.[28]}}The brother of one of the deceased mountain guides also criticised the behaviour of the tourists, saying: {{quote|It is not about laws or superstition, but about having mutual respect among human beings. As a Christian, I too do not believe in superstition, but I adhere to the advice and beliefs of the elders out of respect. It is part of being humans, we don't do things that will offend our fellow-human beings whether they are Muslims, Christian or Animists. This is something we taught here, but I guess a person like him (one of the bad nudists) doesn't have this in him.[29]}}Following the incident, some of the tourist and their family members has express their apology to all involved parties with the United Kingdom government began to reviewing their travelling advice to Malaysia.[30][31] AftershocksIn the immediate aftermath of the earthquake that evening, three aftershocks occurred, with the first and second at 21:10 MST and 23:13 MST respectively, measuring 4.3 magnitude both, while a third at 23:32 MST was 2.8 Mw.[32] By 23 June 90 aftershocks had been reported at Ranau by the Malaysian Meteorological Department, ranging in magnitudes from 1.6 to 5.2.[1][33] Casualties
187 climbers were impacted, according to Sabah official sources, with most of them from Malaysia and Singapore, and others from Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Japan, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United States.[36][40] 137 of them were stranded but subsequently rescued.[11] As of 10 June, 18 people of 5 nationalities were confirmed dead. The majority of fatalities were teachers and students from a Singaporean climbing group from the Tanjong Katong Primary School; initially reportedly missing, the Singaporeans were later officially confirmed dead by the Singaporean Ministry of Education with an official statement released on 10 June.[10] Malaysian nationals accounted for the second most number of deaths, including two climbers (revised downwards from three initially reported missing[36]) and four mountain guides. Subsequent investigation and witness by other climbers found that the four mountain guides died while protecting climbers.[41][42] The four guides were identified as Robbi Sapinggi,[43] Valerian Joannes, Ricky Masirin and Joseph Solungin.[42][44] DamageDuring the earthquake, one of the peaks on Mount Kinabalu (called the Donkey's Ears) was broken off.[11] The source of the Poring Hot Springs a popular tourist area near Ranau, turned murky and black[45] for a few hours due to the earthquake, which disrupted a clay deposit that interrupts the fault gap that heats up the rainwater.[20] Some infrastructure was reported damaged with around 23 schools in six different districts affected, and Ranau Mosque was also damaged due to the tremor.[46][47] Serious damage occurred to the hostels and resthouse near the summit of Mount Kinabalu. Buildings were similarly affected by the earthquake in Kota Belud and Tuaran.[48] The areas around Kundasang and Ranau suffered water supply disruption when the main water drainage pipe burst, and several plants in both regions were damaged with a leakage in the deposition tank.[49] ResponseSabah local mountain guides became the first rescuers during the situation, as reported by an Australian climber.[50][51] Government agencies like the Fire and Rescue Department,[52] Royal Malaysia Police and Malaysian Armed Forces provide equipments during the rescue missions as been reported by the mountain guides.[53] Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Kota Kinabalu was turned into a disaster centre.[54] The National Security Council (NSC) dispatched 25 members of the Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (SMART) – paramedics, engineers and rescuers.[55] Prime Minister Najib Razak ordered efforts to rescue victims stuck on Mount Kinabalu, with the army troops put on standby, as well as a 24-hour helpline being opened.[5][56][57] Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin ordered the NSC to introduce an early warning system for earthquakes including for school buildings as well the setting up of a seismic centre to monitor earthquake activities in the state.[58][59] Sabah State Government together with the Federal Government donated MYR5,000 (U$1,000+) each for Malaysians who died on the quake while MYR2,000 (U$300+) for injured victims.[60] The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) has launched an impromptu donation drive for victims of the Sabah earthquake at the party’s muktamar on 5 June and raised a total of MYR19,800 (around U$5,000+) from delegates.[61] The Barisan Nasional Women's Wing together with the Sabah Community Services Council has also launched a fund, starting with MYR20,000 (US$5,300).[62] The Democratic Action Party (DAP)-led government in Penang has proposed to donate MYR100,000 (US$26,700) to the victims.[63]AirAsia has collaborating with the Malaysia Volunteer Fire and Rescue Association (MVFRA) to transport relief items to Sabah.[64] The Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) together with local telecommunications companies have started a public fund.[65] The Malaysian Islamic Development Department (JAKIM) has hold a special prayers for the well-being of the people in Sabah and that the earthquake tragedy does not recur.[66] While the Sarawak State Government and Johor Sultan Ibrahim has donated a total MYR1 million (around US$200,000+) respectively.[67][68]Apart from funds and donations granted by government bodies and big corporations, soon after the heroic Robbi Sapinggi[69][70] was identified as one of the first two victims on the very first day of the earthquake,[71] Robbi's employer, Amazing Borneo, started a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo[72][73] to let people donate to his family especially his newlywed wife and baby boy of 6 months old. Lots of people responded to the campaign to honour his sacrifice and act of bravery.[74] International reactions
Notes{{notelist}}See also
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web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/06/07/rm10000-each-for-families-of-kinabalu-victims/|title=RM10,000 each for families of Kinabalu victims|publisher=Free Malaysia Today|date=7 June 2015|accessdate=9 June 2015}} 61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/06/05/sabah-earthquake-prompts-pas-to-launch-impromptu-donation-drive/|title=Sabah earthquake prompts PAS to launch impromptu donation drive|publisher=The Rakyat Post|date=5 June 2015|accessdate=7 June 2015}} 62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/fund-launched-in-sabah-to/1897972.html|title=Fund launched in Sabah to help those affected by quake|author=Saifulbahri Ismail|publisher=Channel News Asia|date=7 June 2015|accessdate=7 June 2015}} 63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/06/07/rm100k-proposed-for-quake-fund-by-dappenang-govt/|title=RM100K proposed for quake fund by DAP/Penang govt|publisher=Free Malaysia Today|date=7 June 2015|accessdate=9 June 2015}} 64. ^{{cite web|url=http://travelweekly.co.uk/Articles/2015/06/08/54480/airasia+takes+part+in+sabah+relief+effort+after+earthquake.html|title=AirAsia takes part in Sabah relief effort after earthquake|author=Jennifer Morris|publisher=Travel Weekly (UK)|date=8 June 2015|accessdate=10 June 2015}} 65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.marketing-interactive.com/mcmc-telcos-set-fundraiser-sabah-quake-victims/|title=MCMC and telcos set up fundraiser for Sabah quake victims|publisher=Marketing Interactive|date=8 June 2015|accessdate=10 June 2015}} 66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v8/ge/newsgeneral.php?id=1142208|title=All Mosques In Federal Territory To Perform Special Prayers For Well-being Of Sabahans|publisher=Bernama|date=8 June 2015|accessdate=10 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610152236/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v8/ge/newsgeneral.php?id=1142208|archivedate=10 June 2015|deadurl=yes}} 67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/node/87533|title=Sabah Quake: Sarawak donates RM1m to help victims|author=Adib Povera|publisher=New Straits Times|date=8 June 2015|accessdate=10 June 2015}} 68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/johor-sultan-donates-rm1-million-to-sabah-quake-victims|title=Johor sultan donates RM1 million to Sabah quake victims|work=Bernama|publisher=The Malaysian Insider|date=10 June 2015|accessdate=10 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610205333/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/johor-sultan-donates-rm1-million-to-sabah-quake-victims|archivedate=10 June 2015|deadurl=yes}} 69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=100442|title=Mountain guide laid to rest|publisher=Daily Express|date=9 June 2015|accessdate=11 June 2015}} 70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/Articles/Details/54495|title=Former Intrepid Travel tour guide dies in Malaysia earthquake|author=Jennifer Morris|publisher=Travel Weekly (UK)|date=8 June 2015|accessdate=11 June 2015}} 71. ^{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/05/asia/malaysia-kinabalu-quake/index.html|title=11 dead, most climbers safe after quake hits Malaysia peak|author1=Wilfred Chan|author2=Laura Smith-Park|author3=Brian Walker|publisher=CNN|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=11 June 2015}} 72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sabah-quake-donations-flood-crowdfunding-site-in-memory-of-heroic-mountain|title=Sabah quake: Donations flood crowdfunding site in memory of 'heroic' mountain guide|publisher=The Malay Mail|date=8 June 2015|accessdate=11 June 2015}} 73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/sabah-quake-donations-pour-online-family-heroic-mountain-guide|title=Sabah quake: Donations pour in online for family of 'heroic' mountain guide|publisher=Today Online|date=8 June 2015|accessdate=11 June 2015}} 74. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.asiaone.com/news/malaysia/sabah-quake-internet-raises-33000-24-hours-late-hero-guide|title=Sabah quake: Internet raises $33,000 in 24 hours for late 'hero guide'|work=The Star/Asia News Network|publisher=AsiaOne|date=8 June 2015|accessdate=11 June 2015}} 75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/frontpage-news-national/2015/06/07/condolences-sent-m%E2%80%99sia-s%E2%80%99pore|title=Condolences sent to M'sia, S'pore|publisher=The Brunei Times|date=7 June 2015|accessdate=7 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305192843/http://www.bt.com.bn/frontpage-news-national/2015/06/07/condolences-sent-m%E2%80%99sia-s%E2%80%99pore|archivedate=5 March 2016|deadurl=yes}} 76. ^{{cite web|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=12286&lang=en|title=Condolences for those lost in the Sabah Earthquake|publisher=Government of Timor-Leste|date=8 June 2015|accessdate=8 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815030319/http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=12286&lang=en|archivedate=15 August 2015|deadurl=no}} 77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v8/ge/newsgeneral.php?id=1141772|title=Malaysian Government Extends Condolences To Quake Victim's Families|publisher=Bernama|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=7 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607033550/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v8/ge/newsgeneral.php?id=1141772|archivedate=7 June 2015|deadurl=yes}} 78. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/06/monday-declared-day-of-mourning-for-sabah-out-of-respect-for-victims-and-families/|title=Monday declared day of mourning for Sabah out of respect for victims and families|author1=Phyllis Wong|author2=Peter Sibon|author3=Lian Cheng|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=6 June 2015}} 79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nst.com.my/node/87204|title=Sabah quake: Hope for the best, says PM Lee|work=Bernama|publisher=New Straits Times|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=7 June 2015}} 80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/more-singapore-stories/story/sabah-quake-day-national-remembrance-day-june-8-20150607|title=Sabah earthquake victims: Day of National Remembrance in Singapore on June 8|publisher=The Straits Times|date=7 June 2015|accessdate=7 June 2015}} 81. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/sports/world/95595-sea-games-to-hold-minute-of-silence-for-malaysia-quake-tragedy|title=SEA Games to hold minute of silence for Malaysia quake tragedy|work=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Rappler|date=7 June 2015|accessdate=7 June 2015}} External links
6 : 2015 in Malaysia|Earthquakes in Malaysia|2015 earthquakes|History of Sabah|Mount Kinabalu|June 2015 events in Asia |
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