| 词条 | Oasis | ||||
| 释义 |
In geography, an oasis ({{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|eɪ|s|ɪ|s}}; plural: oases {{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|eɪ|s|iː|z}}) is the combination of a human settlement and a cultivated area (often a date palm grove) in a desert or semi-desert environment.[1] Oases also provide habitat for animals and spontaneous plants. EtymologyThe word oasis came into English via {{lang-la|oasis}} from {{lang-grc|ὄασις}} {{lang|grc-Latn|óasis}}, which in turn is a direct borrowing from Demotic Egyptian. The word for oasis in the later attested Coptic language (the descendant of Demotic Egyptian) is wahe or ouahe which means a "dwelling place".[2] DescriptionOases are made fertile when sources of freshwater, such as underground rivers or aquifers, irrigate the surface naturally or via man-made wells.[3] The presence of water on the surface or underground is necessary and the local or regional management of this essential resource is strategic, but not sufficient to create such areas: continuous human work and know-how (a technical and social culture) are essential to maintain such ecosystems.[4][5]. Rain showers provide subterranean water to sustain natural oases, such as the Tuat. Substrata of impermeable rock and stone can trap water and retain it in pockets, or on long faulting subsurface ridges or volcanic dikes water can collect and percolate to the surface. Any incidence of water is then used by migrating birds, which also pass seeds with their droppings which will grow at the water's edge forming an oasis. It can also be used to plant crops. Historical significanceThe location of oases has been of critical importance for trade and transportation routes in desert areas; caravans must travel via oases so that supplies of water and food can be replenished. Thus, political or military control of an oasis has in many cases meant control of trade on a particular route. For example, the oases of Awjila, Ghadames, and Kufra, situated in modern-day Libya, have at various times been vital to both North-South and East-West trade in the Sahara Desert. The Silk Road across Central Asia also incorporated several oases. In North American history, oases have been less prominent since the desert regions are smaller, but in the USA they have allowed colonisation of the western desert regions around the Rockies. Las Vegas is an example of such a settlement. Growing plantsPeople who live in an oasis must manage land and water use carefully; fields must be irrigated to grow plants like apricots, dates, figs, and olives. The most important plant in an oasis is the date palm, which forms the upper layer. These palm trees provide shade for smaller trees like peach trees, which form the middle layer. By growing plants in different layers, the farmers make best use of the soil and water. Many vegetables are also grown and some cereals, such as barley, millet, and wheat, are grown where there is more moisture.[6] In summary, an oasis palm grove is a highly anthropized and irrigated area that supports a traditionally intensive and polyculture-based agriculture[1]. The oasis is integrated into its desert environment through an often close association with nomadic transhumant livestock farming (very often pastoral and sedentary populations are clearly distinguished). However, the oasis is emancipated from the desert by a very particular social and ecosystem structure. Responding to environmental constraints, it is an integrated agriculture that is conducted with the superposition (in its typical form) of two or three strata creating what is called the "oasis effect "[1] :
GallerySee also{{Portal|Wetlands}}
References1. ^1 2 {{fr}} Battesti, Vincent (2005) Jardins au désert: Évolution des pratiques et savoirs oasiens: Jérid tunisien. Paris: IRD éditions. {{ISBN|978-2-7177-2584-1}}. 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=oasis&searchmode=none|title=Etymonline - Origin of 'Oasis'|author=Douglas Harper|date=|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=2011-07-30}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/oasis/|title=oasis|last=Society|first=National Geographic|date=2011-06-10|work=National Geographic Society|access-date=2018-04-30|language=en}} 4. ^Vincent Battesti, The Power of a Disappearance: Water in the Jerid region of Tunisia in B. R. Johnston et al. (eds), Water, Cultural Diversity & Global Environmental Change: Emerging Trends, Sustainable Futures?, 2012, UNESCO/Springer, {{p.|77-96}}. {{ISBN|978-9400717732}}. 5. ^ [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01154717 Vincent Battesti, Resources and Appropriations: Back to the Jerid Oases (Tunisia) after the Revolution, Études rurales 2015, vol. 2013/2 (192): 153-175] {{ISSN|0014-2182}} {{ISBN|978-2-7132-2398-3}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/oasis-geological-feature|title=Oasis {{!}} geological feature|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-04-30|language=en}} Bibliography
External links{{Commons+cat|Oasis|Oases}}
3 : Oases|Fluvial landforms|Physical geography |
||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。