| 词条 | 4-Chlorokynurenine |
| 释义 |
| Verifiedfields = | Watchedfields = | verifiedrevid = | drug_name = | IUPAC_name = (2S)-2-Amino-4-(2-amino-4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid | image = 4-Chlorokynurenine.svg | width = 225px | tradename = | Drugs.com = | MedlinePlus = | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_US = N | pregnancy_category = | legal_AU = | legal_CA = | legal_UK = | legal_US = Investigational New Drug | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = By mouth | bioavailability = 39–84% (rodents); ≥ 31% (humans){{Citation needed|date=June 2015}} | protein_bound = | metabolism = | elimination_half-life = 2–3 hours{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}} | excretion = | CAS_number_Ref = | CAS_number = 75802-84-5 | CAS_supplemental = | ATC_prefix = None | ATC_suffix = | PubChem = 9859632 | DrugBank_Ref = | DrugBank = | ChemSpiderID_Ref = | ChemSpiderID = 151423 | synonyms = 4-Cl-KYN; AV-101; 3-(4-Chloroanthraniloyl)-DL-alanine | C=10 | H=11 | Cl=1 | N=2 | O=3 | molecular_weight = 242.659 g/mol | SMILES = C(c1c(cc(Cl)cc1)N)C[C@@H](C(=O)O)N | StdInChI = 1S/C10H11ClN2O3/c11-5-1-2-6(7(12)3-5)9(14)4-8(13)10(15)16/h1-3,8H,4,12-13H2,(H,15,16)/t8-/m0/s1 | StdInChIKey = HQLHZNDJQSRKDT-QMMMGPOBSA-N }} L-4-Chlorokynurenine (4-Cl-KYN; developmental code name AV-101) is an orally active small molecule prodrug of 7-chlorokynurenic acid, a NMDA receptor antagonist. It appears to be a rapid-acting antidepressant. AV-101 was discovered at Marion Merrell Dow and its biological activity was explored at University of Maryland. It underwent initial development at Artemis Neuroscience which was acquired by VistaGen in 2003. As of 2016 it was in a Phase II clinical trial for major depressive disorder. Pharmacology4-Chlorokynurenine penetrates the blood–brain barrier via the large neutral amino acid transporter 1.[2] In the central nervous system it is converted to 7-chlorokynurenic acid by kynurenine aminotransferase in astrocytes.[3] Most of its therapeutic potential is believed to occur via 7-chlorokynurenic acid which inhibits the glycine co-agonist site of NMDA receptors.[3] Another metabolite, 4-chloro-3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid, inhibits the enzyme 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase, which provides a rationale for further testing in neurodegenerative diseases.[3] Chemistry4-Chlorokynurenine is prodrug of 7-chlorokynurenic acid (7-Cl-KYNA), which in turn is a halogenated derivative of L-kynurenine.[3] HistoryArtemis Neuroscience was formed to develop work done by University of Maryland professor Robert Schwartz in collaboration with scientists at Marion Merrell Dow (which became part of Sanofi by way of Aventis); this work included AV-101.[4][5][6] VistaGen acquired AV-101 when it acquired Artemis in 2003.[7] VistaGen filed an Investigational New Drug application with the FDA for use of AV-101 in neuropathic pain in 2013.[3] As of 2013, other NMDA receptor antagonists in clinical trials for depression included lanicemine, S-ketamine, and GLYX-13, with lanicemine being the most advanced.[8] ResearchAV-101 showed efficacy in animal model of Huntington's disease[3] and showed rapid-acting antidepressant effects similar to ketamine in the forced-swim test and two other behavioral models of depression in rodents.[9] By 2013 AV-101 had successfully gone through two Phase I clinical trials.[3] As of 2016 a Phase II clinical trial was underway in major depressive disorder.[9] It has been found to be effective for neuropathic pain in animal studies. [10] See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Laube B, Hirai H, Sturgess M, Betz H, Kuhse J | title = Molecular determinants of agonist discrimination by NMDA receptor subunits: analysis of the glutamate binding site on the NR2B subunit | journal = Neuron | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 493–503 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9115742 | doi = 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81249-0 }} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Quentin R.|last2=Lockman|first2=Paul R.|editor1-last=Mannhold|editor1-first=R|editor2-last=Kubinyi|editor2-first=H|editor3-last=Folkers|editor3-first=G|title=Prodrugs and Targeted Delivery: Towards Better ADME Properties Volume 47 of Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527633180|page=259|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYI5jtMA2qgC&pg=PA259|chapter=11. Prodrug Approaches for Central Nervous System Delivery}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal|last1=Vécsei|first1=L|last2=Szalárdy|first2=L|last3=Fülöp|first3=F|last4=Toldi|first4=J|title=Kynurenines in the CNS: recent advances and new questions|journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery|date=January 2013|volume=12|issue=1|pages=64–82|doi=10.1038/nrd3793|pmid=23237916}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=School of Medicine Professor Wins University System of Maryland (USM) Board of Regents Award|url=http://somvweb.som.umaryland.edu/absolutenm/templates/?a=143|publisher=University of Maryland|date=April 6, 2007}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=Press Release: VistaGen Therapeutics Acquires Artemis Neuroscience, Inc. - Enters Late-Stage Preclinical Development Program for Lead Epilepsy Drug Candidate -|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/vistagen-therapeutics-acquires-artemis-neuroscience-inc---enters-late-stage-preclinical-development-program-for-lead-epilepsy-drug-candidate---73081797.html|work=PR Newswire|date=November 19, 2003}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc. 8-K Exhibit 10-26|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1411685/000141588911000362/ex10-26.htm|publisher=SEC Edgar|date=May 16, 2011}} See [https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1411685/000141588911000362/0001415889-11-000362-index.htm 8-K Index page] at SEC Edgar. 7. ^{{cite news|title=VistaGen acquires Artemis Neuroscience|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2003/11/17/daily19.html|work=San Francisco Business Times|date=November 19, 2003}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Flight|first1=Monica Hoyos|title=Trial watch: Phase II boost for glutamate-targeted antidepressants|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|date=29 November 2013|volume=12|issue=12|pages=897|doi=10.1038/nrd4178|pmid=24287771}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Gerhard|first1=DM|last2=Wohleb|first2=ES|last3=Duman|first3=RS|title=Emerging treatment mechanisms for depression: focus on glutamate and synaptic plasticity|journal=Drug Discovery Today|date=March 2016|volume=21|issue=3|pages=454–64|pmid=26854424|pmc=4803609|doi=10.1016/j.drudis.2016.01.016}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Yaksh|first=Tony L.|last2=Schwarcz|first2=Robert|last3=Snodgrass|first3=H. Ralph|date=October 2017|title=Characterization of the Effects of L-4-Chlorokynurenine on Nociception in Rodents|url=http://www.jpain.org/article/S1526-5900(17)30552-7/abstract|journal=The Journal of Pain|language=English|volume=18|issue=10|pages=1184–1196|doi=10.1016/j.jpain.2017.03.014|issn=1526-5900}} External links
7 : Amino acids|Antidepressants|Chloroarenes|Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors|Experimental drugs|NMDA receptor antagonists|Prodrugs |
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