词条 | Ocypode | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| name = Ocypode | image = Horned Ghost Crab (8626790684).jpg | image_caption = Horned ghost crab (Ocypode ceratophthalma) from Kona, Hawaii | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | subphylum = Crustacea | classis = Malacostraca | ordo = Decapoda | infraordo = Brachyura | familia = Ocypodidae | subfamilia = Ocypodinae | genus = Ocypode | genus_authority = Weber, 1795 [1] | type_species = Cancer ceratophthalmus | type_species_authority = Pallas, 1772 | synonyms_ref = [2] | synonyms =
| subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }} Ocypode is a genus of ghost crabs found in the sandy shores of tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. They have a box-like body, thick and elongated eyestalks, and one claw is larger than the other in both males and females. They inhabit deep burrows in the intertidal zone. They are primarily nocturnal, and are generalist scavengers and predators of small animals. The genus contains 21 species. TaxonomyThe genus Ocypode was first established by the German entomologist Friedrich Weber in 1795, using the type species Cancer ceratophthalmus described by the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas in 1772.[2] The generic name is derived from the Greek roots {{lang|el|ocy-}} ("fast") and {{lang|el|ποδός}} ({{lang|el|podos}}, "foot"), in reference to the animal's speed.[2] Ocypode was previously the only genus classified under the ghost crab subfamily Ocypodinae until 2013, when Katsushi Sakai and Michael Türkay reclassified the gulf ghost crab into a separate genus, Hoplocypode. It belongs to the family Ocypodidae. Ghost crabs of the genus Hoplocypode can be distinguished from those in Ocypode by examining their gonopods. In the former, the first gonopod has a complex hoof-shaped tip, while in the latter they are simple and curved.[3]DescriptionOcypode ghost crabs have deep box-like bodies. The regions on the carapace are usually not clearly defined. They have thick and elongated eyestalks with the cornea occupying most of the lower portion. The eyestalks are also tipped with horn-like projections (styles) in seven species (Ocypode brevicornis, O. ceratophthalma, O. gaudichaudii, O. macrocera, O. mortoni, O. rotundata, and O. saratan). Though these may be shorter or even absent altogether in juvenile specimens. While in O. cursor the eyestalks are tipped with a tuft of bristles (setae). The eyestalks are held vertically when the crab is active.[3][4] Most species have pale-colored bodies that blend in well with the sand,[5] though they are capable of gradually changing body coloration to match their environment and the time of day.[6][7]The claw-bearing legs (chelipeds) of both sexes are unequal in size, with one much larger than the other. The palm of the claws also possess stridulating (sound-producing) ridges which they use for communication. These ridges are also important morphological characters useful for identifying species. The chelipeds are shorter than the walking legs. The last pair of walking legs (pereiopods) is also usually shorter and thinner than the other pairs of walking legs. A cavity, with edges fringed by long setae are also found in between the bases of the second and third walking legs.[3][4] Ecology{{Details|Ghost crab}}Ocypode ghost crabs construct simple to complex deep burrows in soft sandy and/or muddy substrates. They can be found in sandy beaches, rubble flats, and in estuarine areas. They are nocturnal and are generalist scavengers and predators of small animals.[4][8]DistributionOcypode ghost crabs are found in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world.[9] Three species are found in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and one in the eastern Pacific coast of the Americas. The rest of the species are found in the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the tip of southern Africa.[3]SpeciesOcypode currently contains 21 valid species. The ghost crab formerly known as O. occidentalis was transferred to its own genus Hoplocypode in 2013. O. longicornuta, O. platytarsis, O. pygoides and O. sinensis were determined to be synonyms of O. ceratophthalma, O. brevicornis, O. convexa and O. cordimanus respectively.[3]
See also{{Portal|Crustaceans}}
References1. ^{{cite journal |journal = Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |year=2009 |volume = Suppl. 21 |pages=1–109 |title = A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans |author1=Sammy De Grave |author2=N. Dean Pentcheff |author3=Shane T. Ahyong |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |format=PDF|display-authors=etal}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/species-bank/sbank-treatment.pl?id=77373 |work=SpeciesBank |title=Ocypode cordimana (Family Ocypodidae) |publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |accessdate=November 5, 2010 |author=Keith Davey}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 {{cite journal|author1=Katsushi Sakai |author2=Michael Türkay |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2013|title=Revision of the genus Ocypode with the description of a new genus, Hoplocypode (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)|journal=Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Nature|volume=56|issue=2|pages=665–793|url=http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/~/media/Documents/QM/About%20Us/Publications/Memoirs%20-%20Nature/N56-2/qmn56-2-sakaiturkay.pdf}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite journal|author=Mary J. Rathbun|authorlink=Mary J. Rathbun|year=1918|title=The Grapsoid crabs of America|journal=Bulletin of the United States National Museum|volume=97|pages=1–461|url=https://archive.org/details/grapsoidcrabsofa00rath|doi=10.5479/si.03629236.97.i}} 5. ^{{cite book|author1=Gary C. B. Poore |author2=Shane T. Ahyong |lastauthoramp=yes |title =Marine Decapod Crustacea of Southern Australia: A Guide to Identification|publisher =CSIRO Publishing|year =2004|page=496|isbn =9780643069060}} 6. ^{{cite journal|author=Jonathan P. Green|year=1964|title=Morphological color change in the Hawaiian ghost crab Ocypode ceratophthalma (Pallas)|journal=The Biological Bulletin|volume=126|issue=3|pages=407–413|url=http://www.biolbull.org/content/126/3/407.full.pdf|doi=10.2307/1539309}} 7. ^{{cite journal|author1=Martin Stevens |author2=Cheo Pei Rong |author3=Peter A. Todd |last-author-amp=yes |year=2013|title=Colour change and camouflage in the horned ghost crab Ocypode ceratophthalmus|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=109|pages=257–270|doi=10.1111/bij.12039}} 8. ^{{cite book |author=Pat Garber |year=2006 |title=Ocracoke Wild: A Naturalist's Year on an Outer Banks Island |publisher=Parkway Publishers |isbn=978-1-933251-31-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KF9lKLEgkt0C&pg=PA97 |chapter=Phantoms in the Surf: Ghost Crabs |pages=94–98}} 9. ^{{cite book |author=George Karleskint, Richard Keith Turner & James Small |year=2009 |title=Introduction to Marine Biology |edition=3rd |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-56197-2 |chapter=Intertidal communities |pages=356–411 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JkKOFIj5pgC&pg=PA377}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Wolfgang Schneider|title =Field Guide to the Commercial Marine Resources of the Gulf of Guinea|publisher =Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|series =FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Puporses|year =1990|page=183|url =ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/t0438e/T0438E43.pdf}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/htms/NPSAinvr/fish_pops/ocypod/crab01.htm |title=Ghost crabs |work=Marine Invertebrates of the National Park of American Samoa |accessdate=January 2, 2010 |date=November 10, 2009 |publisher=University of Hawaii}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/crustacea/crab/ocypodoidea/ceratophthalmus.htm |title=Horn-eyed ghost crab Ocypode ceratophthalma |date=May 2009 |publisher=Wild Singapore}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/explore/blogs/museummarine/creature-feature-haunted-beaches-fleet-footed-ghost-crabs|title=Creature Feature - Haunted Beaches: The fleet-footed Ghost Crabs|author=Western Australian Museum|year=2011|publisher=Government of Western Australia|accessdate=November 12, 2013}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nmdc.com.au/fishy-fun-learning/marine-life-in-focus/golden-ghost-crab/|title=Golden Ghost Crab|author=Naturaliste Marine Discovery Centre|publisher=Government of Western Australia|accessdate=November 12, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20131112105805/http://www.nmdc.com.au/fishy-fun-learning/marine-life-in-focus/golden-ghost-crab/|archivedate=November 12, 2013|df=}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/species-bank/sbank-treatment.pl?id=78342|title=Ocypode convexa (Family Ocypodidae)|author=SpeciesBank|date=February 7, 2007|publisher=Department of the Environment, Australian Government |accessdate=November 12, 2013}} 16. ^{{cite thesis |author= Cherie Louise Leeden |title=Quaternary coastal evolution adjacent to southern Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia: Implications for land use planning.|publisher=Curtin University of Technology|year=2003|url=http://ningaloo-atlas.org.au/sites/default/files/Leeden%20Honours%20thesis%202003.pdf}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gbri.org.au/Species/Ocypodecordimanus.aspx |title=Ocypode cordimana |publisher=University of Queensland |work=Great Barrier Reef Invertebrates |accessdate=August 12, 2012 |author=Sharon Edgley |year=2011}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=Ocypode cursor |url=http://www.sealifebase.fisheries.ubc.ca/summary/Ocypode-cursor.html|work=SeaLifeBase|publisher=UBC - Canada|accessdate=August 4, 2013}} 19. ^{{cite journal |author=Thomas J. Trott |year=1988 |title=Note on the foraging activities of the painted ghost crab Ocypode gaudichaudii H. Milne Edwards & Lucas in Costa Rica (Decapoda, Brachyura) |journal=Crustaceana |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=217–219 |jstor=20104392 |doi=10.1163/156854088x00546}} 20. ^1 {{cite WoRMS |author=Peter Davie & Michael Türkay |year=2012 |title=Ocypode Weber, 1795 |id=106970 |accessdate=November 6, 2012}} 21. ^{{cite book |author=Lynne Matthews |year=2007 |title=The Coastal Guide of South Africa |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |publisher=Jacana Media |page=72 |isbn=978-1-77009-248-8}} 22. ^{{cite book |title=Two Oceans: a Guide to the Marine Life of Southern Africa |publisher=Struik Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=1-77007-633-6 |author1=G. M. Branch |author2=M. L. Branch |author3=C. L. Griffiths |author4=L. E. Buckley |page=96}} External links{{Commons category|Ocypode|Ocypode}}
1 : Ocypodoidea |
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