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词条 Odd Fellows
释义

  1. Name

  2. History

     Background  Foundation  International evolution  United Kingdom  Other  United States 

  3. Catholic opposition

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. Bibliography

{{other uses}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}{{Odd Fellowship}}Odd Fellows, or Oddfellows, also Odd Fellowship or Oddfellowship,[1] is an international fraternity consisting of lodges first documented in 1730 in London.[2][3] The first known lodge was called Loyal Aristarcus Lodge No. 9, suggesting there were earlier ones in the 18th century. Notwithstanding, convivial meetings were held "in much revelry and, often as not, the calling of the Watch to restore order."[2] Names of several British pubs today suggest past Odd Fellows affiliations. In the mid-18th century, following the Jacobite risings, the fraternity split into the rivaling Order of Patriotic Oddfellows in southern England, favouring William III of England, and the Ancient Order of Oddfellows in northern England and Scotland, favouring the House of Stuart.[2]

Odd Fellows from that time include John Wilkes (1725–1797) and Sir George Savile, 8th Baronet of Thornton (1726–1784), advocating civil liberties and reliefs, including Catholic emancipation. Political repressions such as the Unlawful Oaths Act (1797) and the Unlawful Societies Act (1799),[4] resulted in neutral amalgamation of the Grand United Order of Oddfellows in 1798. Since then the fraternity has remained religiously and politically independent. George IV of the United Kingdom, admitted in 1780, was the first documented of many Odd Fellows to also attend freemasonry, although the societies remain mutually independent.{{cn|date=November 2016}}

In 1810, further instigations led to the establishment of the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity in England. Odd Fellows spread overseas, including formally chartering the fraternity in the United States in 1819. In 1842, due to British authorities intervening in the customs and ceremonies of British Odd Fellows and in light of post-colonial American sovereignty, the American Odd Fellows became independent as the Independent Order of Odd Fellows under British-American Thomas Wildey (1782–1861), soon constituting the largest sovereign grand lodge. Likewise, by the mid-19th century, the Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity become the largest and richest fraternal organisation in the United Kingdom.[4]{{fv|reason=The source does not even mention the'post-colonial American sovereignty', nor the grand lodges of 'Elks' or the 'Orange Order'|date=November 2016}}

To this day, beyond recreational activities, Odd Fellows promote philanthropy, the ethic of reciprocity and charity, albeit with some grand lodges implying Judeo-Christian affiliation. Still largest, the American-seated Independent Order of Odd Fellows enrolls some 600,000 members divided in approximately 10,000 lodges in 30 countries,[5][6] inter-fraternally recognised by the second largest, the British-seated Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity.[7] In total, members of all international branches combined are estimated in the millions worldwide.{{cn|date=November 2016}}

Name

Several theories aim to explain the etymological background of the name "Odd Fellows", often spelled "Oddfellows" in British English. In the 18th century United Kingdom, major trades were organised in guilds or other forms of syndicates, but smaller trades did not have equivalent social or financial security. One theory has it that "odd fellows", people who exercised unusual, miscellaneous "odd trades", eventually joined together to form a larger group of "odd fellows".[11]

Another theory suggests that in the beginning of odd fellowship in the 18th century, at the time of the early era of industrialisation, it was rather odd to find people who followed noble values such as fraternalism, benevolence and charity.[8]{{Request quotation|date=November 2016}}

The name was supposedly adopted at a time when the severance into sects and classes was so wide that persons aiming at social union and mutual help were a marked exception to the general rule.[13] Possibly, it met a mixed reaction from the upper classes, who may have seen them as a source of revenue by taxes, but also as a threat to their authority.[9]

Any suggestion of history before the 18th century is considered mere speculation.[10]

History

Background

The Odd Fellows are one of the earliest and oldest fraternal societies, but their early history is obscure and largely undocumented.

Due to increased trade during the Middle Ages, guilds came to make up a part of the urban culture, grouping people from a number of trades banded together. Hence, people of an odd assortment of trades speculatively brought the background of the early history of Odd Fellows.[11]{{Request quotation|date=October 2017}}, [12]{{Request quotation|date=October 2017}}, [2]{{Request quotation|date=October 2017}}

When the English King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, the guilds were viewed by him as supporting the Pope, and in 1545 he confiscated all material property of the guilds. Queen Elizabeth I took from the guilds the responsibility for training apprentices, and by the end of her reign, most guilds had been suppressed.[9][2][13][4]

Dubious traditions, tracing the fraternity's origins even back to Roman Emperors Nero in A.D. 55, and its name to Titus in A.D. 79 because of their odd signs and ceremonies, are at best considered peculiarities.[14]

Although some of these legends are at best dubious, the evolution from the guilds is more reliably documented.{{Efn|Both {{Citation|title=History of the Oddfellows}} and {{Citation|title=The Oddfellows Over the Years}} describe the evolution of the Guilds, and Oddfellow terminology derived from the guilds. For example, each Guild was headed by a Grand Master, the name that the Odd Fellows use to refer to their annually elected Head.}} By the 13th century, the tradesmen's guilds had become established and prosperous. During the 14th century, with the growth of trade, the guild "Masters" moved to protect their power (and wealth) by restricting access to the guilds. In response, the less experienced (and less wealthy) "Fellows" set up their own rival guilds.{{Efn|{{Citation|title=History of the Oddfellows}}: The "Master" required that guild members wear expensive uniforms and jewellery to meetings; as the less wealthy "Fellows" could not afford these, they were thus precluded from membership. Lodge "collars" and "jewels" have their origins in this guild-masters' "restrictive trade practice".}}[2][13][4]

{{Quote|text=The exact origin of Oddfellowship is involved in obscurity. It must have had a beginning, but just when and where, no historian has ever been able to ascertain. All of its history prior to the introduction of the Order into England is merely conjecture founded upon proofless, and, in most cases, absurd traditions.|source="History" page of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America[15]}}{{Quote|text=Great antiquity has been claimed for the order ... Oddfellows themselves, however, now generally admit that the institution cannot be traced back beyond the first half of the 18th century.|source=Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)[16]}}

Foundation

There were numerous Oddfellow organizations in England in the 1700s.[17] One Edwardian Oddfellow history argued that in 1710 there was a 'Loyal Lintot of Oddfellows' in London.[18] The first Oddfellows group in South Yorkshire, England, dates from 1730.[19] The earliest surviving documented evidence of an “Oddfellows” lodge is the minutes of Loyal Aristarchus Oddfellow Lodge no. 9 in England, dated 12 March 1748. By it being lodge number 9, this connotes that there were older Oddfellows lodges that existed before this date.[20]

Subsequent to the failure of Bonnie Prince Charlie's uprising, in 1789 these two Orders formed a partial amalgamation as the Grand United Order of Oddfellows. These days they are more commonly known as "The Grand United Order of Oddfellows Friendly Society" (GUOOFS),[21] abandoning all political and religious disputes and committing itself to promoting the harmony and welfare of its members. Some books mention that there was a lodge of a 'Union Order of Oddfellows' in London in 1750, and one in Derby in 1775.[22]

The Oddfellows Magazine of 1888 included a picture of a medal presented to the secretary of a lodge of the Grand Independent Order of Oddfellows in 1796. In a magazine review of a 1798 sermon preached in the Sheffield Parish Church, the "Oddfellows appear to be very numerous with about thirty-nine lodges of them in London and its vicinity, two at Sheffield, and one at each of the following places: Wolverhampton, Birmingham, Shrewsbury, Windsor, Wandsworth, Canterbury, Liverpool, Richmond in Surrey and Lewes".[23] This suggested that the "Original United Order of Oddfellows" consisted of a total of 50 lodges at that time.

In 1810, various lodges of the Union or United Order in the Manchester area declared themselves as an "Independent Order", and organized the "Manchester Unity of Oddfellows" which chartered the Odd Fellows in North America in 1819.[24][25]

International evolution

United Kingdom

  • 1748: Earliest surviving records of an oddfellows lodge is the manuscript of the rules, dated 1748, of the Loyal Aristarcus Lodge No.9 which met in the Oakley Arms in Southwark, the Globe Tavern in Hatton Garden and the Boar's Head in Smithfield, London.[2][26]
  • mid-18th century: Order of Patriotic Oddfellows[4]
  • mid-18th century: Ancient Order of Oddfellows[4]
  • 1798: Grand United Order of Oddfellows {{Efn|The Grand United Order of Oddfellows are now more commonly referred to as {{Citation|title=The Grand United Order of Oddfellows Friendly Society (GUOOFS)|url=http://www.guoofs.com}}}} {{Efn|name=GUOO|The Grand United Order of Oddfellows, established in England in 1798, should not be confused with the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows, established in the USA in 1843.}}
  • 1810: The Independent Order – Manchester Unity{{Efn|name=MU|The Manchester Unity of Oddfellows is also known as The Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity Friendly Society[2]}}
  • 1810: Nottingham Ancient Imperial Order of Oddfellows[27]
  • 1820: Improved Independent Order of Oddfellows (South London)[27]
  • 1827: Caledonian Lodge of Oddfellows,[28][29] based in Newburgh fife, is the only lodge of oddfellows left in Scotland
  • 1832: Ancient and Noble (Bolton Unity) split from the Grand United Order in 1832, dissolved in 1962{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}
  • 1832: Ancient National Order of Oddfellows (Bolton)[27]
  • 1832: Nottingham Odd Fellows, split from the Manchester Unity in 1832.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}
  • 1834: Leeds United Order of Oddfellows[27]
  • 1840: Independent Order of Oddfellows (Kingston)[27]
  • 1845: National Independent Order of Oddfellows[27]
  • 1849: Independent Order of Oddfellows (Norfolk & Norwich Unity)[27]
  • 1850: Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity Friendly Society{{Efn|name= MU}}
  • 1853: Improved Independent Order of Oddfellows (London)[27]
  • 1858: Free and Independent Order of Oddfellows[27]
  • 1861: Ancient Independent Order of Oddfellows (Kent)[27]
  • 1867: British United Order of Oddfellows[27]
  • 1883: Scottish Order of Oddfellows[28][30]
  • 1900: National Independent Order of Oddfellows[30][31]
  • 1910: Caledonian Order of United Oddfellows[28][30]
Other
  • Ancient and Noble Order of United Oddfellows[28][30]
  • Independent Order of Oddfellows Bolton Unity Friendly Society[28][30]
  • Independent Order of Oddfellows Kingston Unity Friendly Society[28][30]

United States

  • 1819: Independent Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF)[32] formed in 1819 in Baltimore by Thomas Wildey, chartered by the British Manchester Unity, separated in 1842, today with lodges in approximately 29 countries.
  • 1843: The American Grand United Order of Odd Fellows (GUOOF) formed in 1843,{{Efn|name= GUOO}} receiving its charter from the British Grand United Order of Oddfellows (rather than the American IOOF).[14]

Catholic opposition

The Roman Catholic Church in the 19th and early 20th centuries condemned secret societies such as the Freemasons, deemed "pseudo-religious", but also addressed other organisations, including expressing suspicions against the stated religious neutrality and independence of Oddfellows.[33]

In 1907, the Apostolic Delegate to the United States, the Most Rev Diomede Falconio, in reply to a query from the Rev Novatus Benzing, OFM, of Phoenix, Arizona, determined that the Daughters of Rebekah, the auxiliary of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, as well as the female auxiliaries of other condemned secret societies, fell under the same category of condemnation.{{cn|date=November 2016}}

However, permission for "passive membership" in female groups affiliated with societies condemned by the church in 1894 (including such oddfellows as the Knights of Pythias and Sons of Temperance) could be granted individually under certain conditions, viz. that the person in question had joined the group in good faith before the condemnation, that leaving the group would cause financial hardship due to the loss of sick benefits and insurance, that if permission is granted dues would only be paid by mail, the parishioner would not attend any lodge meetings, and the society would not have anything to do with the person's funeral.[34]

Since 1975, however, several Catholic priests have become members of the Odd Fellows. One of them was Father Titian Anthos Miani who joined Scio Lodge No.102 of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in Linden, California.[35] As soon as the controversy declined and religious leaders began to accept secular organizations, numerous pastors, priests, bishops and rabbis from different religious sects have become members and some even held leadership positions in the Odd Fellows.[35]

See also

  • Fraternal order
  • Freemasonry

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

1. ^{{cite web |url= http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/odd+fellow|title=Definition of "Odd-fellow" |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |accessdate=1 November 2016}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |url= https://www.oddfellows.co.uk/About-us/History|title=History of the Oddfellows |website=The Oddfellows |accessdate=1 November 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007094455/https://www.oddfellows.co.uk/About-us/History |archivedate=7 October 2015}}
3. ^{{cite web |url= http://freemasonry.london.museum/it/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/The-Oddfellows1.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Oddfellows |publisher=Library and Museum of Freemasonry |accessdate=11 May 2017}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=https://www.oddfellows.co.uk/About-us/Over-the-Years|title=The Oddfellows Over the Years|website=The Oddfellows|accessdate=1 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429193312/https://www.oddfellows.co.uk/About-us/Over-the-Years|archivedate=29 April 2016}}
5. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.ioof.org/IOOF/About_Us/IOOF/About.aspx?hkey=0a2032f6-b188-477c-a8c6-9a4afeb90d17 |title=About |publisher=Ioof.org |accessdate=1 November 2016}}
6. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.oddfellows.de/index.php?id=121 |title=Deutscher Odd Fellow-Orden: Geschichte des Ordens |publisher=Oddfellows.de |accessdate=1 November 2016|language=de}}
7. ^IOOF International Network {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930101459/http://www.keyinvest.com.au/ioofsa/network.htm |date=30 September 2009 }}, keyinvest.com.au/ioofsa; accessed 1 November 2016.
8. ^1 Müller, Stephanie (2008): The name Odd Fellows, from Concept and contents of Odd Fellowship, Chapter 4 of Visit the Sick, Relieve the Distressed, Bury the Dead and Educate the Orphan: The Independent Order of Odd Fellows. A scientific work in the field of cultural studies, vol 10 of the "Cultural Studies in the Heartland of America" project, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Trier, Germany; {{ISBN|978-3-86821-093-4}}; retrieved 14 October 2009.
9. ^1 Weinbren, Daniel (2010) The Oddfellows 1810–2010: Two Hundred Years of Making Friends and Helping People Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing; {{ISBN|978-1-85936207-5}}
10. ^Burkley M. Gray (n.d.) Fraternalism in America (1860-1920), phoenixmasonry.org; accessed 1 November 2016.
11. ^History and Traditions {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109112333/http://www.oddfellows.co.uk/Site/Content/Gen_Content.aspx?contentID=4d937b78-25f3-48bb-92e6-bfaa46b534d1 |date=9 January 2013 }}, oddfellows.co.uk; retrieved 11 November 2009.
12. ^{{cite web|ref=harv|last=Beresford|first=Rachael|date=8 February 2006|url=http://www.oddfellows.co.uk/uploads/documents/feb_06/odd_1139392353_Oddfellows_History.doc|title=History of the Oddfellows|publisher=The Oddfellows (The Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity Friendly Society Limited)|place=Manchester, UK|accessdate=2 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006111747/http://www.oddfellows.co.uk/uploads/documents/feb_06/odd_1139392353_Oddfellows_History.doc|archivedate=6 October 2007|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.oddfellows.co.uk/uploads/documents/feb_06/odd_1139392353_Oddfellows_History.doc|title=History of the Oddfellows|publisher=The Oddfellows (The Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity Friendly Society Ltd)|place=Manchester, UK|accessdate=2 September 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227050300/http://www.oddfellows.co.uk/uploads/documents/feb_06/odd_1139392353_Oddfellows_History.doc|archivedate=27 February 2007}}
14. ^1 {{cite web|title=History|url=http://guoofamerica.com/oddfellows_natl/History.html|publisher=Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America|accessdate=3 January 2015}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://guoofamerica.com/oddfellows_natl/History.html|title=History Of The Order|publisher=Guoofamerica.com|date=6 January 1943|accessdate=24 November 2015}}
16. ^1 {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Oddfellows, Order of|volume=19|page=996}}
17. ^Most statements here can be found in Weinbren, D. (2010). "The Oddfellows: 200 years of making friends and helping people". United Kingdom: Carnegie Publishing
18. ^Birdely, G. "The origin, rise and progress of Oddfellowship", Manx Quarterly, 7, 1909.
19. ^History: Manchester Unity {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121022417/http://www.oddfellows.org.uk/History.htm |date=21 January 2013 }}, oddfellows.org.uk; accessed 1 November 2016.
20. ^About the Odd Fellows Fraternity, ioofphilippines.yolasite.com; accessed 1 November 2016.
21. ^Grand United Order of Oddfellows Friendly Society (U.K.), guoofs.com; accessed 1 November 2016.
22. ^Oddfellows Magazine, October 1838, pg. 171
23. ^From a review of '"A Sermon, delivered in the Parish Church of Sheffield, to the Original United Order of Oddfellows", on Monday, 9 July 1798, by George Smith MA, curate of the said Church, and late of Trinity College, Cambridge' in Gentleman's Magazine, September 1798, pp. 785–86.
24. ^Mark A. Tabbert (2003) The Odd Fellows, Masonic Papers, first published Dec. 2003, "The Northern Light", Scottish Rite Freemasonry, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, USA.
25. ^"The Oddfellows (Manchester Unity), were established in 1810 and celebrated their bicentenary in 2010" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021081215/http://www.oddfellows.co.uk/site/content/Gen_Content.aspx |date=21 October 2010 }}, oddfellows.co.uk; accessed 1 November 2016.
26. ^{{cite book|first=Victoria|last=Solt-Dennis|title=Discovering Friendly and Fraternal Societies: Their Badges and Regalia|year=2005|place=Princes Risborough, UK|publisher=Shire Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biDlzeoxd2AC&pg=PA90|page=90|ISBN=0-74780628-4}}
27. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{Citation|title=The Friendly Society Movement|first=JF|last=Wilkinson|publisher=Longmans|year=1891|type=extracts|url=http://www.fraternalsecrets.org}}
28. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Citation|url=http://www.rls.org.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-001-351-L|title=The History of the Oddfellows in Scotland|publisher=RLS|place=UK}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.historyshelf.org/shelf/friend/08.php|title=Friendly Societies|publisher=HistoryShelf.org|accessdate=1 November 2016}}
30. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Citation|contribution-url=http://www.historyshelf.org/shelf/friend/08.php|title=Friendly Societies|contribution=Oddfellows Orders in Scotland|publisher=History shelf|accessdate=1 November 2016}}
31. ^{{Citation|contribution-url=http://www.historyshelf.org/shelf/friend/07.php|title=Friendly Societies|contribution=The Oddfellows|publisher=History shelf|accessdate=1 November 2016}}
32. ^{{Citation|title=The (American) Independent Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF)|url=http://www.ioof.org|publisher=Ioof.org|accessdate=1 November 2016}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/should-catholics-join-the-odd-fellows|title=Should Catholics join the Odd Fellows?|publisher=Catholic.com|accessdate=1 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028222216/http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/should-catholics-join-the-odd-fellows|archive-date=28 October 2016|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
34. ^Preuss, p. 104
35. ^1 Christy, F. & Smith, D. (1995). Six Links of Fellowship. Linden Publications, California, USA, pp. 122-23.

Bibliography

The origins and history of the Oddfellows are not easily verified; some of the possible facts are mixed with unverifiable myth, legend, folklore and opinion. The following is a far-from-exhaustive list of "histories" of Oddfellows – unfortunately, few of them quote their sources.

  • {{Citation | title = Historical Sketch of Oddfellowship | first = PPGM, of Glasgow | last = Burn | publisher = A. Heywood | place = Manchester | year = c. 1846}}.
  • {{Citation | title = They Call Each Brother – Secret Societies and the Strange Death of Mateship in Australia, 1788–2010 | first = Dr Bob | last = James | year = 2010}}. Self-published.
  • {{Citation | title = Odd Fellows | first = Dr Bob | last = James | publisher = The Australian Centre for Secret Societies, Fraternalism and Mateship (i.e. Self-published.) | url = http://www.fraternalsecrets.org/}}. Contains numerous articles and, according to its author, "is constantly being updated".
  • {{Citation | title = The Rise and Progress of the Manchester Unity of the Independent Order of Oddfellows, 1810–1904 | first = Past Grand Master Robert | last = Moffrey | year = 1904 | publisher = The Grand Master & Board of Directors of the Order, Printers John Heywood | place = Manchester | url = http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/history/socs/odf_mdly.htm}}.
  • {{Citation | first = J | last = Spry | year = 1867 | title = History of Oddfellowship | publisher = Fred Pitman | place = Paternoster Row, London}} deals, as set forth on its title page, with "Its origin, tradition, and objects, with a general review of the results arising from its adoption by the branch known as the Manchester Unity from the year 1810 to the present time." The book was published by Fred Pitman, of London, and by the author at Plymouth.
  • {{cite web | url= http://www.guoofs.com/history/ | title = History : The history of our society | publisher = GUOOFS (The Grand United Order of Oddfellows Friendly Society) | accessdate = 1 January 2015}}
  • {{Citation | title = History of the IOOF in Marin County | url = http://mill-valley.freemasonry.biz/marin_odd_fellows.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119055213/http://mill-valley.freemasonry.biz/marin_odd_fellows.htm |archivedate=19 January 2013}}.
  • {{cite web |url= http://archive.wbir.com/news/article/156721/141/why-do-they-call-it-that-odd-fellows-cemetery |title= Odd Fellows Cemetery, Knoxville, KT |publisher= wbir.com |accessdate= 3 January 2015 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://archive.is/20150102135309/http://archive.wbir.com/news/article/156721/141/why-do-they-call-it-that-odd-fellows-cemetery |archivedate= 2 January 2015 |df= dmy-all }}
  • {{Citation | title = Odd Fellows Rest | url = http://www.nolacemeteries.com/odd.html}}, the history of an IOOF cemetery in New Orleans.
  • {{Citation | title = The Official History and Manual of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Sj-jv2g7utcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false | year = 1902 | page=274 | publisher= Odd Fellows' Journal Print. | author = Brooks, Charles H. }}
{{Set index article}} {{Odd Fellows}}{{Fraternities and sororities}}

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