| 词条 | Ofcom |
| 释义 |
|name = Office of Communications |logo = Ofcom logo.png |image = Riverside House, Bankside 01.jpg |caption = Ofcom offices at Riverside House, Bankside, next to Southwark Bridge |image_border = |size = |abbreviation = Ofcom |formation = 29 December 2003 |type = Statutory corporation |status = Created by Office of Communications Act 2002[1] |purpose = Regulator and competition authority for broadcasting, postal services, telecommunications and radiocommunications spectrum |headquarters = London, England |location = London, Belfast, Cardiff, Caterham, Glasgow, Warrington |region_served = United Kingdom |membership = |language=English, Welsh |leader_title = Chairman |leader_name = Lord Burns |leader_title2 = Chief Executive |leader_name2 = Sharon White |main_organ = Board of Directors |website = {{url|ofcom.org.uk}} }} The Office of Communications ({{lang-cy|Y Swyddfa Gyfathrebiadau}}), commonly known as Ofcom, is the UK government-approved regulatory and competition authority for the broadcasting, telecommunications and postal industries of the United Kingdom. Ofcom has wide-ranging powers across the television, radio, telecoms and postal sectors. It has a statutory duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting competition and protecting the public from harmful or offensive material.[2][3] Some of the main areas Ofcom presides over are licensing, research, codes and policies, complaints, competition and protecting the radio spectrum from abuse (e.g. pirate radio stations). The regulator was initially established by the Office of Communications Act 2002 and received its full authority from the Communications Act 2003.[1] HistoryThe creation of Ofcom was announced in the Queen's Speech to the UK Parliament, in June 2001. The new body, which would replace several existing authorities, was conceived as a "super-regulator" to oversee media channels that were rapidly converging through digital transmission.[4] Ofcom launched on 29 December 2003, formally inheriting the duties that had previously been the responsibility of five different regulators:[5]
In July 2009, Conservative party opposition leader David Cameron said in a speech against the proliferation of quangos that: With a Conservative government, Ofcom as we know it will cease to exist… Its remit will be restricted to its narrow technical and enforcement roles. It will no longer play a role in making policy. And the policy-making functions it has today will be transferred back fully to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.[6][7]Under Cameron's subsequent premiership of the 2010 UK coalition government, the Public Bodies Act 2011 did remove or modify several of Ofcom's duties, although it did not substantially reduce Ofcom's remit.[8] On 1 October 2011, Ofcom took over responsibility for regulating the postal services industry from the Postal Services Commission (Postcomm). In April 2015, Ofcom announced that telephone companies would have to provide customers with a set charge for the cost of calling numbers starting 084, 087 and 09. The streamlining of these charges must be printed in each customer's contract and monthly bills. The change came into force on 1 July 2015 and affected over 175 million phone numbers, making it the biggest overhaul of telephoning in over a decade.[9] On 1 January 2016, the regulation of video on demand was transferred to Ofcom from ATVOD, the Authority for Television on Demand.[10] The Digital Economy Act 2017 extended Ofcom's remit and powers. Ofcom were given powers concerning the minimum broadband speed provided by Internet service providers, the ability to financially penalise communications providers for failing to comply with licence commitments and the power to require public service broadcasters to include a minimum quantity of children's programming made in the United Kingdom. The act also transferred to Ofcom the regulation of the BBC, a duty previously undertaken by the BBC Trust,[11][12] and updated the Ofcom Electronic Communications Code to make it easier for telecommunications companies to erect and extend mobile masts.[13] News International phone hacking scandal{{Main|News International phone hacking scandal}}In July 2011, in the wake of the News International phone hacking scandal, Ofcom came under pressure to launch an inquiry into whether the parent company of News International, News Corporation, was still the "fit and proper" owner of a controlling stake in the satellite broadcasting company British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB). On 13 July former Prime Minister Gordon Brown urged Ofcom to launch an investigation.[14][15] On 15 July the Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg stated that the Government would launch a review of laws on what constituted a "fit and proper" owner for broadcasting companies in the United Kingdom, and that anyone found not to meet that standard can be forced to give up their current holdings in a company.[16] On 22 July 2011, it was reported that Ofcom had begun an investigation into whether the phone-hacking scandal may have changed BSkyB's status as the "fit and proper" holder of a UK broadcasting licence.[17] On the same day Ed Richards, the then chief executive of Ofcom, replied to Simon Hughes MP, Don Foster MP and Tim Farron MP following a letter which they had written to him on 8 July concerning News Corporation's shareholding in BSkyB.[18] In the letter Richards confirmed that Ofcom considers that News Corporation's current shareholding of 39.14% in BSkyB does give it a material influence over the company; that Ofcom is not precluded from acting by ongoing police investigations; and that Ofcom's process is not dependent upon a criminal conviction being secured.[18] In April 2012, Ofcom's probe moved from a monitoring phase to an "evidence gathering" phase.[19] Timeline of Communications Regulators (1953–present)ImageSize = width:1200 height:390 PlotArea = width:1000 height:300 left:65 bottom:30 AlignBars = justify Colors = id:ntl value:rgb(0.769,0.188,0.608) id:ofcom value:rgb(1,1,0.7) id:gpo value:rgb(1,0,0) id:mpt value:rgb(0,1,0) id:ho value:rgb(0.7,0.25,1) id:ra value:rgb(1,1,0) id:rau value:rgb(0.894,0.890,0.129) id:s4c value:rgb(0.635,0.984,0.565) id:iba value:rgb(0,0.925,0.953) id:itc value:rgb(0.992,0.725,0.784) id:cable value:rgb(0.122,0.565,0.278) id:taste value:rgb(0.110,0.545,0.906) id:bbc value:rgb(0.949,0.133,0.333) id:black value:black id:avod value:orange Period = from:1953 till:2019 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:11 start:1953 gridcolor:black ScaleMinor = unit:month increment:1 start:1953 Define $whitearr = text:"<" textcolor:white shift:(5,-4) fontsize:16 PlotData= bar: Engineering from: 1955 till: 1973 text:"ITA (1955–1973)" color: iba from: 1973 till: 1990 text:"IBA (1973–1990)" color: iba from: 1990 till: end text:"NTL Broadcast/Arqiva (1990–)" color: ntl bar:ILR from: 1973 till: 1990 text:"IBA (1973–1990)" color: iba from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"RA (1990–2003)" color: rau from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom bar:ITV from: 1955 till: 1973 text:"ITA (1955–1973)" color: iba from: 1973 till: 1990 text:"IBA (1973–1990)" color: iba from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom bar:Ch4 from: 1983 till: 1990 text:"IBA (1983–1990)" color: iba from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom bar:Ch5 from: 1997 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1997–2003)" color: itc from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom bar:Satellite from: 1986 till: 1990 text:"IBA ('86-'90)" color: iba from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom bar:Cable from: 1984 till: 1990 text:"CA ('84-'90)" color: cable from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"ITC (1990–2003)" color: itc from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom bar: VOD from: 2010 till: 2015 text:"ATVOD ('10-'15)" color:avod from: 2015 till: end text:"Ofcom" color:ofcombar:'Taste' from: 1988 till: 2003 text:"BSC (1990-2003)" color: taste from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcom bar:Spectrum at: start align:left $whitearr from: start till: 1969 text:"General Post Office (1904-1969)" color: gpo from: 1969 till: 1974 text:"MPT* ('69–'74)" color: mpt from: 1974 till: 1990 text:"Home Office (1974–1990)" color: ho from: 1990 till: 2003 text:"RA (1990-2003)" color: ra from: 2003 till: end text:Ofcom color: ofcombar:S4C from: 1983 till: end text:"Welsh Fourth Channel Authority (1983-)" color: s4c bar:BBC at: start align:left $whitearr from: start till: 2007 text:"BBC Board of Governors (1927–2007)" color: bbc from: 2007 till: 2017 text:"BBC Trust (2007-2017)" color: bbc from: 2017 till:end text:"Ofcom" color:ofcom ActivitiesTelevision and radioOfcom licenses all UK commercial television and radio services in the UK. Broadcasters must comply by the terms of their licence, or risk having it revoked. Ofcom also publishes the Broadcasting Code, a series of rules which all broadcast content on television and radio must follow.[21] The Broadcasting Code requires that content inappropriate for children should not be broadcast between the hours of 5:30{{nbsp}}a.m. and 9:00{{nbsp}}p.m. Premium-rate film services may broadcast content equivalent to a BBFC 15 certificate at any time of day provided a PIN-protected system is in place to restrict access to those authorised to view it.[22] The broadcasting of pornography with a BBFC R18 certificate is not permitted.[23] In 2010 Ofcom revoked the licences of four free-to-air television channels for promoting adult chat services during daytime hours and transmitting content that was too sexually explicit. The companies involved were fined £157,250.[24] Ofcom's jurisdiction does not cover television and radio channels which are broadcast in the UK but licensed abroad. In 2012 Ofcom lodged a complaint with the Dutch media regulator regarding the content of adult chat television channels which are broadcast in the UK but licensed in the Netherlands.[25] Based on a survey of 200 British respondents, Ofcom published in 2016 a list of about 50 words classified in four grades of offensiveness, from "milder" to "strongest."[26] Telephone and broadbandOfcom regulates the UK telecoms sector, defining and enforcing the conditions by which all mobile and fixed-line phone and broadband companies must abide. These 'general conditions' are wide-ranging rules relating to matters such as telephone numbering, emergency services, sales, marketing and interconnection standards. Ofcom's investigation unit monitors compliance with the conditions and resolves disputes between providers. Ofcom is also the competition authority for telecoms, enforcing remedies in markets where it believes dominant operators may have a potentially harmful influence on competition or consumers. One of its most high-profile interventions was to require BT to split its wholesale and retail arms into separate companies, bringing about the creation of Openreach which supplies wholesale services to both BT Retail and competing providers.[27] On 1 July 2015, Ofcom made a number of changes to the way phone calls to UK service numbers would be charged. Under the new legislation, which was promoted by an information campaign entitled UK Calling,[28] call charges must be clearly stated on all materials that advertise a service number. The changes came after research found that callers are often confused about service call charges, and thus can avoid calling these numbers. The July 2015 changes also saw 'freephone numbers' 0800 and 0808 become free to call from both mobiles and landlines.[29] In March 2016, Ofcom launched an interactive "Mobile coverage and fixed broadband checker",[30] allowing people to check mobile coverage and broadband speeds via their post code. Spectrum licensing and protectionOfcom is responsible for the management, regulation, assignment and licensing of the electromagnetic spectrum in the UK, and licenses portions of it for use in television and radio broadcasts, mobile phone transmissions, private communications networks, wireless devices and so on. The process of licensing varies depending on the type of use required. Some licences simply have to be applied and paid for, other commercial licences are subject to a bidding process. Most of the procedures in place have been inherited from the systems used by the previous regulators. However, Ofcom may change some of these processes in future. Ofcom protects the radio spectrum in a number of ways:
Postal servicesIn October 2010 the government announced plans for Ofcom to inherit the functions of Postcomm as part of a wider set of public service sell-off measures.[32] Following the Postal Services Act 2011 regulatory responsibility for postal services transferred to Ofcom on 1 October 2011, with its primary duty to maintain the UK's six-day-a-week universal postal service. ConsultationsOfcom makes extensive use of consultations with industry and the public to help it make decisions based upon the evidence presented. Consultation processes begin with publishing documents on its website,[33] asking for views and responses. If the document is perceived to be long and complicated, a plain English summary is usually published as well. A period, usually of 10 weeks, is allowed for interested persons, companies or organisations to send in their responses to the consultation. After this consultation period, Ofcom publishes all the responses on its website, excluding any personal or confidential information. Ofcom then prepares a summary of the responses received, and uses this information as a basis for its decisions.[34] LeadershipCurrentLord (Terry) Burns was appointed as chairman of Ofcom for a four-year term from 1 January 2018.[35]Sharon White became Ofcom's chief executive in 2015, replacing Ed Richards.[36]On 15 March 2016 it was announced that Steve Gettings would become Corporation Secretary in succession to Graham Howell.[37] HistoricalThe first chairman of Ofcom (2002–2009) was David Currie, Dean of Cass Business School at City University and a life peer under the title Lord Currie of Marylebone. The first chief executive (2003–2007) was Stephen Carter, Baron Carter of Barnes, formerly a senior executive of JWT UK and NTL and subsequently a Minister for Communications, Technology and Broadcasting.[38] Colette Bowe was appointed Ofcom chairman with effect from 11 March 2009.[39][40][41] She was the founding chairman of the Telecoms Ombudsman Council, and chaired Ofcom's Consumer Panel from its inception in 2003 to December 2007. Dame Patricia Hodgson DBE was appointed as chairman of Ofcom for a three-year term from April 2014. She was a member of the Ofcom board from July 2011 and became deputy chairman in January 2012.[42] On 18 July 2016 it was announced that her term would be extended for a further year until 2018.[43] Key personnelOfcom's key personnel are:[44]
Ofcom publishes a register of disclosable interests of the Ofcom board.[46] Ofcom committeesOfcom has a number of committees and advisory bodies which inform the Ofcom Board and Executive. These include:[47]
ControversiesExpenditureOfcom has received criticism for incurring unnecessary costs as a result of "extravagant Thames-side offices" and a "top-heavy salary bill",[48] for inflexibility in its regulation of commercial radio,[49] and for "poor service".[50] In response to ongoing expenditure concerns, Ofcom made the following statement regarding the 2017/2018 budget: "Ofcom has delivered 12 consecutive years of like-for-like real-terms budget reductions, and we will continue to reduce spending wherever we can."[51] Al JazeeraThe Qatar-based newsmedia outlet was reported[52] to Ofcom in January 2017, following an exposé about Israeli diplomatic[53] corp irregularities and influence peddling amongst political and student groups in the UK. After investigations exceeding eight months, Ofcom reported that Al Jazeera was in line with journalism standards and cleared the filmmakers of the allegations.[54] Press TVIn May 2011, Ofcom ruled that Press TV, an Iranian English-language satellite channel, was responsible for a serious breach of UK broadcasting rules and could face a fine for airing an interview with Maziar Bahari, the Newsweek journalist arrested covering the Iranian presidential election in 2009, that was obtained by force while he was held in a Tehran jail.[55] Upon the release of Ofcom's findings, Press TV claimed that Maziar Bahari was "an MI6 contact person"[56] taking guidance from "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, protocol No. 7".[57] Press TV called Ofcom's ruling "part of an anti-Iranian campaign," and that "A quick look at senior decision makers at OFCOM demonstrates that the regulator is mostly made up of former Channel 4 and BBC executives, some of whom are well-linked to and influenced by powerful pro-Israeli politicians."[58][59] Sitefinder database and freedom of informationThe Sitefinder database is a national database of mobile phone base stations in the UK.[60] In September 2007 an Information Tribunal ruled that the public should have access to the database under the Freedom of Information Act 2000.[61] However, as Ofcom has no legal power to force mobile phone operators to add information to the database, UK mobile phone operators consequently ceased updating it.[27] Ofcom appealed against the Freedom of Information Act ruling, together with one UK mobile operator – T-Mobile.[62] This has led to accusations of the organisation's complicity with the mobile telecommunications industry in keeping information about mast locations secret.[63] Ofcom's stated reasons for the appeal have ranged from "preventing terrorist attacks" on the sites of phone masts to "protecting the intellectual property" of the mobile telecommunications industry.[62] In April 2008, the High Court found in favour of the Information Commissioner's Office and over-ruled Ofcom's objections. Ofcom appealed to the Supreme Court, who in turn referred a point of law to the European Court of Justice, and then in October 2011 ordered that the matter should be remitted to the Information Rights Tribunal to reconsider the public interest balancing exercise.[64] On 12 December 2012, the Information Rights Tribunal upheld its decision of 4 September 2007.[65] Deryn Consulting controversyIn 2017 Ofcom’s advisory committee for Wales awarded Deryn Consulting a contract to monitor the National Assembly for Wales and Welsh Government. It was subsequently reported that the contract had not been put out to tender and that Huw Roberts and Nerys Evans held positions for both Deryn and Ofcom.[66][67] The contract was terminated[68] and Ofcom concluded that it had broken its own procurement rules.[69] See also
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|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail.fa/184355.html |title=PressTV – The OFCOM sitcom |publisher=Press TV |accessdate=28 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018234722/http://edition.presstv.ir/detail.fa/184355.html |archivedate=18 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 60. ^{{cite web|url=http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/sitefinder/faq |title=Ofcom | Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=Stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk |date=21 June 2010 |accessdate=20 April 2014}} 61. ^{{cite news |title=Data row hits mobile mast website |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7024206.stm | work=Technology |publisher=BBC News | date=2 October 2007 | accessdate =6 January 2010}} 62. ^1 {{cite web |title=Ofcom fails to prevent release of cell locations – But operators might not play ball |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/13/sitefinder/ |author=Bill Ray |date=13 September 2007 |work=Networks |accessdate =23 February 2010}} 63. ^{{cite news|title=Phone mast locations kept from public |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/phone-mast-locations-kept-from-public-450616.html |author=Geoffrey Lean, Environment Editor |date=27 May 2007 |work=The Independent |accessdate=23 February 2010 |location=London |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221171034/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/phone-mast-locations-kept-from-public-450616.html |archivedate=21 December 2008 }} 64. ^{{cite web |title=Sitefinder: Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/sitefinder/faq|publisher=Ofcom|accessdate=21 August 2012}} 65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.panopticonblog.com/2012/12/17/eir-exemptions-and-aggregation-a-round-trip/ |title=EIR Exemptions and Aggregation : a round trip |publisher=Panopticon Blog |date=17 December 2012 |accessdate=20 April 2014}} 66. ^Private Eye, March 9th, 2018. p13. 67. ^{{cite news|work=Wales Online|title=Ofcom Wales under fire after contract awarded to insiders' company|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/ofcom-wales-under-fire-after-12649696|author=Martin Shipton|date=24 February 2017}} 68. ^{{cite news|work=Wales Online|title=A controversial contract awarded by Ofcom to a Welsh lobbying firm has been terminated|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/controversial-contract-awarded-ofcom-welsh-13493333|author=Martin Shipton|date=21 August 2017}} 69. ^{{cite news|work=Wales Online|title=Ofcom admits it broke its own rules in giving contract to lobbying firm run by its own advisors|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/ofcom-admits-broke-rules-giving-13801707|author=Martin Shipton|date=23 October 2017}} External links
| title = Regulation of BBC | years = 1 January 2017–present | before = BBC Trust | after = Current }}{{succession box | | | | }}{{succession box | | | | }}{{succession box | | | | }}{{succession box | | | | }}{{succession box | | | | }}{{succession box | | | | }}{{succession box | | | | }}{{succession box | | | | }}{{s-end}}{{Department for Culture, Media and Sport}}{{Media in the United Kingdom|comporg}}{{Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom}}{{2011 News Corporation scandal}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}{{coord|51.5079|-0.0953|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}} 14 : Radio in the United Kingdom|Television in the United Kingdom|Communications authorities|Communications in the United Kingdom|Media complaints authorities|Postal system of the United Kingdom|Statutory corporations of the United Kingdom government|Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport|Government agencies established in 2003|2003 establishments in the United Kingdom|Regulators of the United Kingdom|Telecommunications in the United Kingdom|Telecommunications regulatory authorities|Consumer organisations in the United Kingdom |
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