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词条 7th Summit of the Americas
释义

  1. Background

  2. Cuban presence at the summit

  3. Parallel events

  4. Heads of State and Government

  5. References

{{Infobox summit
| summit_name = 7th Summit of the Americas
VII Cumbre de las Américas
| image =7th Summit of the Americas logo.png
| caption =
| country = Panama
| cities = Panama City
| date = April 10–11, 2015
| follows = 6th Summit of the Americas
| precedes = 8th Summit of the Americas
}}

The seventh Summit of the Americas was held at Panama City, Panama, on April 10 – 11, 2015.[1]

Background

The Summits of the Americas are a continuing series of summits bringing together the leaders of the Americas including North America (which includes Central America and the Caribbean) and South America. The function of these summits is to foster discussion of a variety of issues affecting the western hemisphere. These high-level summit meetings have been organised by a number of multilateral bodies{{which|date=April 2012}} under the aegis of the Organization of American States. In the early 1990s, what were formerly ad hoc summits came to be institutionalised into a regular "Summits of the Americas" conference programme.[2]

At the 6th Summit of the Americas numerous leaders across the political spectrum said that the next summit must include Cuba. The ALBA states also added that they would boycott a summit without Cuba's presence. A final declaration at the summit was also held up over the issue of Cuba.

Cuban presence at the summit

Cuba, along with the United States, attended the seventh Summit of the Americas in Panama.[3] Given the pledge by ALBA member states to boycott the summit if Cuba was not invited, political controversy brewed as it transpired that Panama's government issued an invitation to the Summit. State Department spokesman Jen Psaki implicitly cautioned that Cuba's attendance of the summit would make a mockery of the spirit of the Inter-American Democratic Charter.[4] For their part, Cuban-American senators Bob Menendez and Marco Rubio urged Panama to withdraw the invitation for Cuba to attend the summit, insisting that the move could be a slap in the face to the principles of the Inter-American Democratic Charter.[5][6] However, another State Department official hinted that the US would tacitly welcome Cuba's participation in the 2015 Summit of the Americas.[7] Following the announcement on December 17, 2014 of a shift towards normalization of relations with Cuba, the US Government dropped its objections to Cuba's presence while calling for the participation of Cuban civil society groups.[8] Before the summit, the daughter of Oswaldo Payá, Rosa Maria Payá, was detained upon arriving at an airport in Panama; a second activist from Argentina also said they were detained.[9]

The summit had an anti-American tone, according to the Associated Press.[10]

Parallel events

While the Summit of the Americas occurred in Panama, other events were held; one was attended by former American President Bill Clinton, and another was held in Panama City at the Florida International University campus.[11]

Another summit called the Summit of the Peoples (Cumbre de los Pueblos), which was held at University of Panama on April 9–11, 2015 with the participation of trade unions, organizations of farmers, indigenous people, students, human rights activists, environmentalists, and feminists among others. At some parts of this event there also attended President of Bolivia Evo Morales, President of Ecuador Rafael Correa and President of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro.[12][13][14][15]

Heads of State and Government

 Summary of Leaders
Flag and CountryHead of State / Government
Antigua and Barbuda}}Prime Minister Gaston Browne
Argentina}}President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Bahamas}}Prime Minister Perry Christie
Barbados}}Prime Minister Freundel Stuart
Belize}}Prime Minister Dean Barrow
Bolivia}}President Evo Morales
Brazil}}President Dilma Rousseff
Canada}}Prime Minister Stephen Harper
Chile}}Chancellor Heraldo Muñoz
Colombia}}President Juan Manuel Santos
Costa Rica}}President Luis Guillermo Solís
Cuba}}President Raúl Castro
Dominica}}Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit
Dominican Republic}}President Danilo Medina
Ecuador}}President Rafael Correa
El Salvador}}President Salvador Sánchez Cerén
Grenada}}Prime Minister Keith Mitchell
Guatemala}}President Otto Pérez Molina
Guyana}}President Donald Ramotar
Haiti}}President Michel Joseph Martelly
Honduras}}President Juan Orlando Hernández
Jamaica}}Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller
Mexico}}President Enrique Peña Nieto
Nicaragua}}President Daniel Ortega
Panama}}President Juan Carlos Varela
Paraguay}}President Horacio Cartes
Peru}}President Ollanta Humala
Saint Kitts and Nevis}}Prime Minister Timothy Harris
Saint Lucia}}Prime Minister Kenny Anthony
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves
Suriname}}President Dési Bouterse
Trinidad and Tobago}}Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar
United States of America}}President Barack Obama
Uruguay}}President Tabaré Vázquez
Venezuela}}President Nicolás Maduro

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=The Seventh Summit of the Americas will be held in Panama. |url=http://www.summit-americas.org/default_en.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129153421/http://www.summit-americas.org/default_en.htm |archivedate=2014-11-29 |df= }}
2. ^Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=71x7NlQ_xfgC&pg=PA382&dq=summit+of+the+Americas&client=firefox-a Health Care Reform Around the World, p. 382.]
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.summit-americas.org/vii/heads_en.htm |title=Seventh Summit of the Americas |website=Summit-americas.org |date= |accessdate=2017-04-17 }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/World/2014/09/19/Panama-foreign-minister-invites-Raul-Castro-to-Americas-Summit/|title=Panama foreign minister invites Raul Castro to Americas Summit - World - The Star Online|work=thestar.com.my|accessdate=29 July 2015}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/219610-menendez-cuba-attendance-undermines-summit-of-americas|title=Menendez: Cuba attendance undermines Summit of Americas|work=TheHill|accessdate=29 July 2015}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/blog/marco-rubio-summit-americans-should-exclude-cuba |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-10-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008091726/http://www.sunshinestatenews.com/blog/marco-rubio-summit-americans-should-exclude-cuba |archivedate=2014-10-08 |df= }}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2014/10/09/us-wont-object-to-cuba-participation-in-summit-americas-state-department-says/|title=U.S. won't object to Cuba's participation in Summit of the Americas, State Department says|work=Fox News Latino|accessdate=29 July 2015}}
8. ^"Fact Sheet: Charting a New Course on Cuba", NBC 6 South Florida, December 17, 2014.
9. ^{{cite news |last=Alexander |first=Harriet |date=6 April 2015 |title=Cuban dissident arrested on arrival at Panama's Summit of the Americas |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/cuba/11517830/Cuban-dissident-arrested-on-arrival-at-Panamas-Summit-of-the-Americas.html |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=United Kingdom |access-date=8 April 2015 }}
10. ^{{cite news |last=Goodman |first=Joshua |last2=Orsi |first2=Peter |date=12 April 2015 |title=Obama-Castro Meeting Overshadows Anti-US Line at Summit |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AMERICAS_SUMMIT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-04-12-00-04-55 |newspaper=Associated Press |access-date=13 April 2015 }}
11. ^{{cite news |last=Jervis |first=Rick |date=9 April 2015 |title=Cuba protests make waves at Panama summit |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/04/09/panama-summit-cuba-protests/25530423/ |newspaper=USA Today |publisher=Gannett |access-date=10 April 2015 }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/news/Arranca-en-Panama-la-Cumbre-de-los-Pueblos-20150409-0011.html|title=Arranca en Panamá la Cumbre de los Pueblos|work=telesurtv.net|accessdate=29 July 2015}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/news/Evo-Los-Pueblos-protegen-a-Venezuela-ante-agresion-imperial-20150410-0026.html|title=Evo: Los Pueblos protegen a Venezuela ante agresión imperial|work=telesurtv.net|accessdate=29 July 2015}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/news/Cumbre-de-los-Pueblos-fue-una-victoria-de-la-paz-20150411-0069.html|title=Cumbre de los Pueblos fue una victoria de la paz|work=telesurtv.net|accessdate=29 July 2015}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20150410/aml-gen-cumbre-de-las-americas-cumbre-de-los-pueblos/|title=Movimientos sociales de AL abren Cumbre de Pueblos en Panamá|work=huffingtonpost.com|accessdate=29 July 2015}}
{{s-start}}{{s-bef|before= 6th Summit of the Americas }}{{s-ttl|title=Summits of the Americas|years= 2015
Panama City, Panama}}{{s-aft|after=8th Summit of the Americas }}{{s-end}}{{Summits of the Americas}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Summit Of The Americas 2015}}

11 : Organization of American States|Politics of the Americas|21st-century diplomatic conferences|2015 conferences|2015 in international relations|2015 in North America|2015 in South America|2015 in Panama|Diplomatic conferences in Panama|21st century in Panama City|April 2015 events in North America
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