| 词条 | 80,000 Hours |
| 释义 |
| name = 80,000 Hours | image = | founded_date = October 2011[1] | tax_id = | registration_id = | founder = William MacAskill and Benjamin Todd | origins = Oxford, England, UK | key_people = | area_served = Worldwide | product = Free, evidence-based career advice | mission = | focus = Social impact coaching | method = | revenue = | endowment = | num_volunteers = | subsid = | owner = | non-profit_slogan = We want to change the world by helping millions of people make more difference with their careers.[2] | homepage ={{url|80000hours.org/}} | dissolved = | footnotes = | former name = |parent_organization=[https://www.centreforeffectivealtruism.org/ Centre for Effective Altruism]}}80,000 Hours is a San Francisco-based organisation that conducts research on the careers with positive social impact and provides career advice. It provides this advice online, through one-on-one advice sessions and through a community of like-minded individuals. The organisation is part of the Centre for Effective Altruism, affiliated with the University of Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics.[1] The organisation's name refers to the typical amount of time someone spends working over a lifetime.[3] It was one of the nonprofits funded by startup accelerator Y Combinator in 2015.[4] PrinciplesAccording to 80,000 Hours, some careers aimed at doing good are far more effective than others. On their framework for assessing different career options, the value of a career is regarded as depending on both its potential for impact and on the degree to which it gives the individual better opportunities to have an impact in the future.[5] The group emphasises that the positive impact of choosing a certain occupation should be measured by the amount of additional good that is done as a result of this choice, not by the amount of good directly done.[6] It considers indirect ways of making a difference, such as earning a high salary in a conventional career and donating a portion of it, as well as direct ways, such as scientific research. The moral philosopher Peter Singer mentions the example of banking and finance as a potentially high impact career through such donations in his TED Talk, "The why and how of effective altruism," where he discusses the work of 80,000 Hours.[7] William MacAskill is the Founder and President of 80,000 Hours,[8] the Co-founder and Vice-President of Giving What We Can,[9] and a Research Associate at the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, Oxford University.[10]Criticism80,000 Hours has promoted the idea that pursuing a high-earning career and donating a significant portion of the income to cost-effective charities can be an effective philanthropic strategy for some people. John Humphrys criticised this idea on the BBC Today programme, saying that people interested in becoming wealthy tend to be selfish and that idealistic young people will become cynical as they age.[11] This idea was also criticised in the Oxford Left Review, where Pete Mills wrote that lucrative careers perpetuate an unjust system.[12] In addition, he argues that because the likelihood of bringing about social change is difficult to quantify, 80,000 Hours is biased toward quantifiable methods of doing good. Over time 80,000 Hours has deemphasised 'earning to give', in favour of alternative paths like research, advocacy or policy reform, and begun recommending work on problems that are less easily quantified.[13] [14] David Brooks of The New York Times has criticised the organisation for its consequentialist approach to altruism and has argued that cultivating altruism is not purely a matter of maximising one's positive social impact.[15]The effective altruism movement, of which 80,000 Hours is a part, has been criticised by Ken Berger, the founder of Charity Navigator for its efforts to objectively compare and prioritise charitable causes, which he believes to be a subjective process that is the responsibility of individual donors.[16] William MacAskill responded to this article justifying the need to figure out which charities do the most good.[17] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://80000hours.org/our-mission-and-history | title = Our Mission and History | accessdate = 25 October 2012 | publisher = 80,000 Hours}} {{Effective altruism}}2. ^{{cite web | url = http://80000hours.org/our-mission-and-history | title = Our Mission and History | accessdate = 24 October 2012 | publisher = 80,000 Hours}} 3. ^{{cite web | url = http://80000hours.org/faq | title = FAQ | accessdate = 29 October 2012 | publisher = 80,000 Hours | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121101064337/http://80000hours.org/faq | archivedate = 1 November 2012 | df = dmy-all }}; {{cite web | url = http://www.euromoney.com/Article/3044777/Impact-investing-the-big-business-of-small-donors.html | title = Impact investing: the big business of small donors | accessdate = 31 October 2012 | publisher = Euromoney }} 4. ^{{cite web|url = https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/04/80000-hours/|title = Want To Make An Impact With Your Work? Try Some Advice From 80,000 Hours|date = 4 August 2015|accessdate = 31 October 2015|publisher = TechCrunch}} 5. ^{{cite web | url = http://80000hours.org/research | title = Research | accessdate = 17 January 2014 | publisher = 80,000 Hours}} 6. ^{{cite web | url = http://80000hours.org/blog/35-the-replaceability-effect-working-in-unethical-industries-part-1 | title = The replaceability effect: working in unethical industries part 1 | author = Sebastian Farquhar | accessdate = 31 October 2012}} 7. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.ted.com/talks/peter_singer_the_why_and_how_of_effective_altruism.html | title = The why and how of effective altruism | author = Peter Singer | accessdate = 27 December 2013}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://80000hours.org/about/meet-the-team/|title=Meet the team|work=80,000 Hours|access-date=4 April 2017|language=en-US}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.givingwhatwecan.org/about-us/the-team|title=The Team|accessdate=16 October 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021170844/http://www.givingwhatwecan.org/about-us/the-team|archivedate=21 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/staff/staff/research_associates/will_macaskill|title=William MacAskill, Research Associate|accessdate=16 October 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023051515/http://www.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/staff/staff/research_associates/will_macaskill|archivedate=23 October 2013|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^{{cite interview | last = Crouch | first = William | last2 = Hislop | first2 = Ian | title= BBC News - Today - Do bankers make the world better? | subjectlink2 = Ian Hislop | others = John Humphrys |work=Today | date = 22 November 2011 | access-date = 29 October 2012 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9645000/9645137.stm}} 12. ^{{cite journal | last = Mills | first = Pete | title = The Ethical Careers Debate | journal = The Oxford Left Review | issue = 7 | pages = 4–9 | date = May 2012 | url=http://oxfordleftreview.com/2012/07/17/olr-issue/ | access-date = 6 August 2014}} 13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://80000hours.org/2015/07/80000-hours-thinks-that-only-a-small-proportion-of-people-should-earn-to-give-long-term/|title=80,000 Hours thinks that only a small proportion of people should earn to give long term - 80,000 Hours|date=2015-07-06|work=80,000 Hours|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-US}} 14. ^{{Cite news|url=https://80000hours.org/articles/cause-selection/|title=A list of the most urgent global issues|work=80,000 Hours|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-US}} 15. ^{{cite newspaper | last = Brooks | first = David | title = How to Produce a Person | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/04/opinion/brooks-the-way-to-produce-a-person.html |date=4 June 2013 |page=A25}} 16. ^{{cite journal | title = The Elitist Philanthropy of So-Called Effective Altruism | journal = Stanford Social Innovation Review | url = http://www.ssireview.org/blog/entry/the_elitist_philanthropy_of_so_called_effective_altruism}} 17. ^{{Cite news|url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/what_charity_navigator_gets_wrong_about_effective_altruism|title=What Charity Navigator Gets Wrong About Effective Altruism (SSIR)|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-us}} 5 : 2011 establishments in the United Kingdom|Altruism|Organisations based in Oxford|Organizations established in 2011|Career advice services |
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