| 词条 | 9A52-4 Tornado | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name= 9A52-4 |image=9A52-4 Tornado REA 2009.jpg |image_size=300px |caption=9A52-4 launcher vehicle (right) and 9T234-4 reloading vehicle (left), Perm, RussianExpoArms, 2009. |origin=Russia |type= Multiple rocket launcher |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery=yes |is_vehicle= yes |is_UK= |service= 2014 - present |wars=Syrian Civil War[1] |designer=Motovilikha Plants |design_date= 2000s |manufacturer=NPO Splav[2] |production_date=2011 - present |number=More than 171 units in service |variants=9A53-G Tornado, 9A53-U Tornado, 9A53-S Tornado |weight= 24.65 t |length= 11.2 m |part_length= |width= 2.5 m |height= 3.15 m |crew= 2 |cartridge= |caliber= 122mm/220mm/300mm |barrels= 15/8/6 |action= |rate= |velocity= |range= |max_range= 90 km |feed= |sights= |breech= |recoil= |carriage= |elevation= |traverse= |blade_type= |hilt_type= |sheath_type= |head_type= |haft_type= |diameter= |filling= |filling_weight= |detonation= |yield= |armour= |primary_armament= 9M55 or 9M528 rockets |secondary_armament= |engine= KamAZ-740.50.360 diesel |engine_power= 360 hp |pw_ratio= |suspension= 8×8 wheeled |vehicle_range= 1000 km |speed= 90 km/h }} The 9A52-4 Tornado is Russia's newest universal multiple rocket launcher. It was designed as a lightweight and universal version of the BM-30 Smerch, dubbed 9A52-2. It was first unveiled in 2007 as a more strategically and tactically mobile launcher, albeit at the expense of a slight reduction in firepower. This model is aimed at replacing the previous generation of Russian multiple rocket launchers, including BM-21 Grad, BM-27 Uragan and BM-30 Smerch. Currently the sole operator is Russian Ground Forces. A version will be proposed for export.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} DesignThe 9A52-4 Tornado system is based on the chassis of the KamAZ-63501 8x8 military truck, which provides good tactical mobility. It is equipped with a single container with six launcher tubes for 300-mm rockets, which can fire all current Smerch rockets, including HE-FRAG, incendiary, thermobaric, cluster with anti-personnel or anti-tank mines. Cluster rounds may also carry self-targeting anti-tank munitions. The 800 kg standard rocket has a maximum range of 90 km. A range and direction correction system provides better accuracy compared to its predecessors. The 9A52-4 can launch rockets singularly, by a partial ripple or by a full salvo, which can cover an area of 32 hectares. A full salvo can be fired within 20 seconds. The 9A52-4 launching vehicle can be reloaded within 8 minutes. Launcher pods are designed for use with 122-mm and 220-mm rockets. The weapons system is equipped with an automated laying and fire control system, along with an autonomous satellite navigation and positioning system. Positioning and firing data are exchanged between the launch vehicle and the command vehicle. DeploymentRussian ground forces received about 30 Tornado-G systems in 2011, replacing the BM-21 Grad.[3] The improved Tornado-S was upgraded with the special GLONASS satellite navigation system used in the Smerch missile system. The Tornado-S has guided rocket rounds enabling it to fire out to 72 miles (120 km). The Tornado-S has a longer range and increased effectiveness, due to the use of new warhead payloads and a reduced launch readiness time of just three minutes. The Tornado-G entered series production in 2013.[4] The system entered service with the Russian armed forces in 2014.[5] The Tornado-S approved for service in July–August 2016 and started its serial deliveries.[6][7][8] Tornado-S has been deployed during the armed conflict in the Donbass region of Ukraine on the side of pro-Russian forces, as mentioned in the February 2015 Minsk ceasefire agreement which was signed by Russian Federation, thus proving Russia's involvement in the conflict [9][10] Tornado-G received export permission in June 2018.[11][12] The three upgraded 122 mm Grad HE-Frag and HE/HEAT rocket variants for the Tornado-G multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) codenamed 9M538, 9M539 and 9M541 have a significant increase in firepower, albeit at a lower range capability.[13]VariantsThe 9A52-4 Tornado system is a lightweight rocket launcher. There are two other systems; a modular MLRS based on the MZKT-79306 truck, which can carry two BM-27 Uragan or BM-30 Smerch launcher modules, and one based on the Kamaz 6x6 truck. The "Tornado-G" system is an upgrade package for the existing BM-21 Grad. The Russian government ordered 36 new "Tornado-G" based on the Kamaz 6x6 chassis, instead of the old systems based on the Ural-4320 truck. 9A52-4 should not be confused with other systems in the similarly denoted Tornado family:
General characteristics9A52-4 Tornado
Rocket projectiles
Operators
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201812171070747802-hmeymim-syria-russian-military/|title=Russian Aviation in Syria Carried Out Up to 100 Sorties Per Day - Minister|first=|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/news/production/nikolay_makarovets_sanktsii_na_predpriyatii_ne_otrazilis/|title=Николай Макаровец: санкции на предприятии не отразились|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2011/1230/185511024/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / В 2011 году в Сухопутные войска в рамках гособоронзаказа поступило более 30 РСЗО «Торнадо-Г»|website=www.armstrade.org}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20131224/986083837.html#13878806043954&message=resize&relto=login&action=removeClass&value=registration|title=НПО "Сплав" начало серийное производство системы "Торнадо-Г"|work=РИА Новости|accessdate=23 December 2014}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20141119/1034071161.html|title=Гендиректор НПО "Сплав": реактивный "Град" прослужит еще 10-15 лет|work=РИА Новости|accessdate=23 December 2014}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/902239|title=Russian army to get Tornado-S multiple rocket launchers in 2017|website=TASS}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/military/201612291049119283-tornado-s-delivered/|title=Russian Army Gets First Batch of Brand New Tornado-S Rocket Artillery Systems|first=|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://mz.perm.ru/press-center/news/7286/|title=«Мотовилихинские заводы» отправили заказчику первую партию машин из состава комплекса РСЗО «Торнадо-С» - Мотовилиха|website=mz.perm.ru}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/UA_150212_MinskAgreement_en.pdf |title=Minsk agreement |website=peacemaker.un.org |format=PDF}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/11408266/Minsk-agreement-on-Ukraine-crisis-text-in-full.html|title=Minsk agreement on Ukraine crisis: text in full|date=12 February 2015|publisher=|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}} 11. ^ {{dead link|date=April 2019}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/1011154|title=Russia to offer upgraded multiple launch rocket system to Western customers|website=TASS}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82576/splav-details-tornado-g-rockets|title=Splav details Tornado-G rockets - Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/5616/5616.shtml|title=Корректируемый реактивный снаряд 9М542 - Ракетная техника|website=rbase.new-factoria.ru}} 15. ^http://www.milkavkaz.net/2016/09/rszo-tornados-pojdet-v-seriyu-v-2017-godu.html 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://tvzvezda.ru/news/opk/content/201604170834-ztxs.htm|title=Чудовищный «Торнадо» после «Смерча»: российские РСЗО способны превратить 67 Га в пустыню|first=Редакция|last=tvzvezda.ru|website=Телеканал «Звезда»}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=https://lenta.ru/news/2012/04/03/tornado/|title=Южный военный округ получил 20 систем "Торнадо-Г"|website=lenta.ru}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://itar-tass.com/vnutrennyaya-politika/1292768|title=ТАСС: Внутренняя политика - В Крыму сформирован артиллерийский полк для прикрытия береговой линии|author=TASS|publisher=TASS|accessdate=23 December 2014}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2015/0203/171527707/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / В войска Восточного военного округа поступили реактивные системы залпового огня «Торнадо-Г»|website=armstrade.org}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://tass.ru/en/russia/810055|title=TASS: Russia - Russia's Western Military District gets newest Tornado-G multiple rocket launchers|author=TASS|publisher=TASS|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=7 September 2015}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://mz.perm.ru/press-center/news/1114/|title=«Мотовилихинские заводы» отправили заказчику РСЗО «Торнадо-Г» - Мотовилиха|website=mz.perm.ru}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/1223/102538798/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Главком Сухопутных войск сообщил о поступлении новых вооружений|website=www.armstrade.org}} 23. ^{{cite web |url=http://mail.armyrecognition.com/december_2016_global_defense_security_news_industry/over_60_tornado-g_mlrs_and_20_msta-sm_howitzers_delivered_to_russian_army_in_2016_72912163.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103004631/http://mail.armyrecognition.com/december_2016_global_defense_security_news_industry/over_60_tornado-g_mlrs_and_20_msta-sm_howitzers_delivered_to_russian_army_in_2016_72912163.html |archive-date=3 January 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/0306/134539864/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Соединение ЗВО в Брянской области получило на вооружение два дивизиона РСЗО «Торнадо-Г»|website=armstrade.org}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12201418@egNews |title=CMD's motorized rifle units in Samara received fifteen Tornado-G MLRS : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation |publisher=Eng.mil.ru |date=2018-10-25 |accessdate=2019-04-04}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/january_2019_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/first_tornado-s_mlrs_supplied_to_russian_southern_district.html |title=First Tornado-S MLRS supplied to Russian Southern district | January 2019 Global Defense Security army news industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2019 | Archive News year |publisher=Armyrecognition.com |date=2019-01-14 |accessdate=2019-04-04}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/0312/103551388/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / В войска ЮВО поступило около 100 ед. современной техники с начала года|website=www.armstrade.org}} External links
7 : Weapons of Russia|Rocket artillery|Self-propelled artillery of Russia|Multiple rocket launchers|Motovilikha Plants products|NPO Splav products|Modular rocket launchers |
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