| 词条 | Apache HTTP Server | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Apache HTTP Server |logo = |screenshot = |caption = |author = Robert McCool |developer = Apache Software Foundation |released = {{Start date and age|1995}}[1] |status = Active |operating system = Unix-like, Windows[2] |programming language = C,[3] XML[4] |genre = Web server |license = Apache License 2.0 }} The Apache HTTP Server, colloquially called Apache ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|p|æ|tʃ|i}} {{Respell|ə|PATCH|ee}}), is free and open-source cross-platform web server software, released under the terms of Apache License 2.0. Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. The vast majority of Apache HTTP Server instances run on a Linux distribution,[5] but current versions also run on Windows[6] and a wide variety of Unix-like systems. Past versions also ran on OpenVMS,[7] NetWare, OS/2 and other operating systems.[8] Originally based on the NCSA HTTPd server, development of Apache began in early 1995 after work on the NCSA code stalled. Apache played a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web,[8] quickly overtaking NCSA HTTPd as the dominant HTTP server, and has remained most popular since April 1996. In 2009, it became the first web server software to serve more than 100 million websites.[9] {{As of|2018|08}}, it was estimated to serve 39% of all active websites and 35% of the top million websites.[10] NameA number of explanations for the origin of the Apache name have been offered over the years. From the inception of the Apache project in 1995 the official documentation stated:[11][12] {{Quote|Apache is a cute name which stuck. It was based on some existing code and a series of software patches, a pun on “A PAtCHy” server". }} In an April 2000 interview, Brian Behlendorf, one of the creators of Apache said:[13] {{Quote|The name literally came out of the blue. I wish I could say that it was something fantastic, but it was out of the blue. I put it on a page and then a few months later when this project started, I pointed people to this page and said: "Hey, what do you think of that idea?" ... Someone said they liked the name and that it was a really good pun. And I was like, "A pun? What do you mean?" He said, "Well, we're building a server out of a bunch of software patches, right? So it's a patchy Web server." I went, "Oh, all right." ... When I thought of the name, no. It just sort of connotated: "Take no prisoners. Be kind of aggressive and kick some ass." }} Since 2013 the Apache Foundation has explained the origin of the name as:[14] {{Quote|The name 'Apache' was chosen from respect for the various Native American nations collectively referred to as Apache, well-known for their superior skills in warfare strategy and their inexhaustible endurance. It also makes a cute pun on "a patchy web server"—a server made from a series of patches—but this was not its origin. The group of developers who released this new software soon started to call themselves the "Apache Group". }} When Apache is running under Unix, its process name is httpd, which is short for "HTTP daemon".[15] Feature overviewApache supports a variety of features, many implemented as compiled modules which extend the core functionality. These can range from authentication schemes to supporting server-side programming languages such as Perl, Python, Tcl and PHP. Popular authentication modules include mod_access, mod_auth, mod_digest, and mod_auth_digest, the successor to mod_digest. A sample of other features include Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security support (mod_ssl), a proxy module (mod_proxy), a URL rewriting module (mod_rewrite), custom log files (mod_log_config), and filtering support (mod_include and mod_ext_filter). Popular compression methods on Apache include the external extension module, mod_gzip, implemented to help with reduction of the size (weight) of Web pages served over HTTP. ModSecurity is an open source intrusion detection and prevention engine for Web applications. Apache logs can be analyzed through a Web browser using free scripts, such as AWStats/W3Perl or Visitors. Virtual hosting allows one Apache installation to serve many different Web sites. For example, one computer with one Apache installation could simultaneously serve www.example.com, www.example.org, test47.test-server.example.edu, etc. Apache features configurable error messages, DBMS-based authentication databases, content negotiation and supports several graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It supports password authentication and digital certificate authentication. Because the source code is freely available, anyone can adapt the server for specific needs, and there is a large public library of Apache add-ons.[16] A more detailed list of features is provided below:
PerformanceInstead of implementing a single architecture, Apache provides a variety of MultiProcessing Modules (MPMs), which allow it to run in either a process-based mode, a hybrid (process and thread) mode, or an event-hybrid mode, in order to better match the demands of each particular infrastructure. Choice of MPM and configuration is therefore important. Where compromises in performance must be made, Apache is designed to reduce latency and increase throughput relative to simply handling more requests, thus ensuring consistent and reliable processing of requests within reasonable time-frames.{{clarify |date=August 2018 |reason=It isn't clear to a non-specialist like me why increasing throughput is different from handling more requests or why reducing latency (which sounds like increasing speed) wouldn't enable you to handle more requests. It also isn't clear how either of these represent a compromise in performance. Also, is Apache doing something that decreases latency and increases throughput _relative_ to what you would get by handling more requests, or is it decreasing latency and increasing throughput _rather_ than handling more requests? If the latter, "rather than" should replace "relative to" in that sentence.}} For delivering static pages, Apache 2.2 series was considered significantly slower than nginx and varnish.[34] To address this issue, the Apache developers created the Event MPM, which mixes the use of several processes and several threads per process in an asynchronous event-based loop.[35]{{clarify |date=August 2018 |reason=Mixes the use of xyz with what? Or, if (a) several processes and (b) several processes per thread are the things being mixed, the sentence should read "...Event MPM, which uses several processes and several threads per process...". Also, can someone with more technical knowledge please explain why this approach is advantageous?}} This architecture as implemented in the Apache 2.4 series performs at least as well as event-based web servers, according to Jim Jagielski and other independent sources.[36][37][38] However, some independent but significantly outdated benchmarks show that it is still half as fast as nginx, e.g. [39] LicensingThe Apache HTTP Server codebase was relicensed to the Apache 2.0 License (from the previous 1.1 license) in January 2004,[40] and Apache HTTP Server 1.3.31 and 2.0.49 were the first releases using the new license.[41] The OpenBSD project did not like the change and continued the use of pre-2.0 Apache versions, effectively forking Apache 1.3.x for its purposes.[42][43][44] They initially replaced it with Nginx, and soon after made their own replacement, OpenBSD Httpd, based on the relayd project.[45][46][47] VersionsVersion 1.1: The Apache License 1.1 was approved by the ASF in 2000: The primary change from the 1.0 license is in the 'advertising clause' (section 3 of the 1.0 license); derived products are no longer required to include attribution in their advertising materials, only in their documentation. Version 2.0: The ASF adopted the Apache License 2.0 in January 2004. The stated goals of the license included making the license easier for non-ASF projects to use, improving compatibility with GPL-based software, allowing the license to be included by reference instead of listed in every file, clarifying the license on contributions, and requiring a patent license on contributions that necessarily infringe a contributor's own patents. Development
The Apache HTTP Server Project is a collaborative software development effort aimed at creating a robust, commercial-grade, feature-rich and freely available source code implementation of an HTTP (Web) server. The project is jointly managed by a group of volunteers located around the world, using the Internet and the Web to communicate, plan, and develop the server and its related documentation. This project is part of the Apache Software Foundation. In addition, hundreds of users have contributed ideas, code, and documentation to the project.[56][57][58] Apache 2.4 dropped support for BeOS, TPF and even older platforms.[59] See also{{Wikibooks|Apache}}{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://httpd.apache.org/ABOUT_APACHE.html|title=About the Apache HTTP Server Project|publisher=Apache Software Foundation|accessdate=2008-06-25|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080607122013/http://httpd.apache.org/ABOUT_APACHE.html|archivedate= 7 June 2008 |deadurl= no}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Compiling and Installing|url=https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/install.html|website=httpd.apache.org|publisher=The Apache Software Foundation|accessdate=9 May 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=https://projects-old.apache.org/indexes/language.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302011644/http://projects-old.apache.org/indexes/language.html |archivedate=2016-03-02 |df= }} 4. ^{{Cite web|title=Languages|work=Apache HTTP Server|agency=Ohloh|publisher= Black Duck Software|url=https://www.ohloh.net/p/apache/analyses/latest/languages_summary|accessdate=2 April 2014}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://secure1.securityspace.com/s_survey/data/man.201808/apacheos.html|title=OS/Linux Distributions using Apache|website=secure1.securityspace.com|access-date=2018-09-17}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/platform/index.html.en|title=Platform Specific Notes - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4|website=httpd.apache.org|access-date=2019-01-21}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://h41379.www4.hpe.com/openvms/products/ips/apache/ |website=h41379.www4.hpe.com |title=HP OpenVMS systems - Secure Web Server (based on Apache)}} 8. ^Netcraft Market Share for Top Servers Across All Domains August 1995 - today (monthly updated) 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2009/02/18/february_2009_web_server_survey.html|title=February 2009 Web Server Survey|publisher=Netcraft|accessdate=2009-03-29|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090226092501/http://news.netcraft.com//archives//2009//02//18//february_2009_web_server_survey.html|archivedate= 26 February 2009 |deadurl= no}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2018/08/24/august-2018-web-server-survey.html|title=August 2018 Web Server Survey|publisher=Netcraft|access-date=2018-09-17}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=//www.apache.org/info.html |title=Information on the Apache HTTP Server Project |date=1997-04-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970415054031/http://www.apache.org/info.html |archivedate=April 15, 1997 }} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Apache Server Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ.html#relate|accessdate=15 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970106233141/http://www.apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ.html#relate|archivedate=1997-01-06}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.linux-mag.com/id/472/|title=Apache Power|work=Linux Magazine}} 14. ^{{cite web |title=Apache Foundation |url=https://www.apache.org/foundation/faq.html#name |website=www.apache.org |accessdate=22 August 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web |title=Apache Docs |url=http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/invoking.html |website=httpd.apache.org |accessdate=22 August 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/Apache_Web_server.html|title=What is Apache Web Server? Webopedia|work=webopedia.com}} 17. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/howto/htaccess.html | title = Apache HTTP Server Tutorial: .htaccess files }} 18. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_proxy.html | title = mod_proxy }} 19. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_proxy_balancer.html | title = mod_proxy_balancer }} 20. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/howto/reverse_proxy.html#manager | title = Balancer Manager }} 21. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/howto/auth.html | title = Authentication and Authorization }} 22. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_rewrite.html | title = mod_rewrite }} 23. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_headers.html | title = mod_headers }} 24. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_sed.html | title = mod_sed }} 25. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_substitute.html | title = mod_substitute }} 26. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/howto/ssi.html | title = Apache httpd Tutorial: Introduction to Server Side Includes }} 27. ^{{ cite web | url = http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_usertrack.html | title = mod_usertrack }} 28. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/howto/cgi.html | title = Apache Tutorial: Dynamic Content with CGI }} 29. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/howto/public_html.html | title = Per-user web directorie }} 30. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/expr.html| title = Expressions in Apache HTTP Server }} 31. ^{{ cite web | url = https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_status.html | title = mod_status }} 32. ^{{ cite web | url = http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_xml2enc.html | title = mod_xml2enc }} 33. ^ {{cite web | url= https://httpd.apache.org/mod_ftp/mod/mod_ftp.html | title = Apache Module: mod_ftp}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://nbonvin.wordpress.com/2011/03/14/apache-vs-nginx-vs-varnish-vs-gwan/|title=Serving static files: a comparison between Apache, Nginx, Varnish and G-WAN|work=Spoot!}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/worker.html|title=worker - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.2|work=apache.org}} 36. ^Apache httpd 2.4 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/bryan_call/choosing-a-proxy-server-apachecon-2014|title=Picking a Proxy Server}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.matsumoto-r.jp/?p=1812|title=Throughput evaluation of Apache 2.4.1}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eschrade.com/page/performance-of-apache-2-4-with-the-event-mpm-compared-to-nginx/|title=Performance of Apache 2.4 with the event MPM compared to Nginx|work=eschrade.com}} 40. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html|title=Apache License, Version 2.0|publisher=The Apache Software Foundation|date=January 2004|accessdate=2013-05-21}} 41. ^{{Cite newsgroup|title=FYI: Apache HTTP Server 2.0.49 Released|last=Burton|first=Richard Antony|newsgroup=alt.apache.configuration|url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.apache.configuration/042hhGcLWUs/rDJdt5b927cJ|accessdate=2018-02-16}} 42. ^{{Cite mailing list|url=http://marc.info/?l=openbsd-misc&m=107714762916291|title=The new apache license|last=de Raadt|first=Theo|authorlink=Theo de Raadt|mailinglist=openbsd-misc|date=18 February 2004|accessdate=2013-05-21}} 43. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.openbsd.org/policy.html|title=Copyright Policy|publisher=OpenBSD|accessdate=2013-05-12}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://ports.su/www/apache-httpd-openbsd |title=apache-httpd-openbsd-1.3.20140502p2 – OpenBSD improved and secured version of Apache 1.3 |website=OpenBSD ports |date=|accessdate=2014-12-28}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.openbsd.org/faq/upgrade52.html#nginx|title=OpenBSD Upgrade Guide: 5.1 to 5.2|work=openbsd.org}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://undeadly.org/cgi?action=article&sid=20140314080734|date=2014-03-14|title= Heads Up: Apache Removed from Base |website=OpenBSD Journal|editor=jj}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.openbsd.org/faq/upgrade56.html#ToPorts|title=OpenBSD Upgrade Guide: 5.5 to 5.6|work=openbsd.org}} 48. ^{{Cite web|url=http://marc.info/?l=apache-httpd-announce&m=90221040625561&w=2|title=Announcement: Apache 1.3.0 Released !|date=1998-06-06|accessdate=2015-01-06}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/httpd-announce/201002.mbox/%3C20100203000334.GA19021%40infiltrator.stdlib.net%3E|title=Apache HTTP Server 1.3.42 released (final release of 1.3.x)|work=apache.org}} 50. ^{{Cite web|url=http://marc.info/?l=apache-httpd-announce&m=101810732100356&w=2|title=Official Release: Apache 2.0.35 is now GA|date=2002-04-06|accessdate=2015-01-06}} 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/httpd-announce/201307.mbox/%3C20130710124920.2b8793ed.wrowe%40rowe-clan.net%3E|title=[Announcement] Apache HTTP Server 2.0.65 Released|work=apache.org}} 52. ^{{Cite web|url=http://marc.info/?l=apache-httpd-announce&m=113347470201565&w=2|title=Apache HTTP Server 2.2.0 Released|date=2005-12-01|accessdate=2015-01-06}} 53. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.apache.org/dist/httpd/Announcement2.2.html|title=[Announce] Apache HTTP Server 2.2.34 Released|work=apache.org}} 54. ^{{Cite web|url=http://marc.info/?l=apache-httpd-announce&m=132983471818384&w=2|title=[ANNOUNCEMENT] Apache HTTP Server 2.4.1 Released|date=2012-02-21|accessdate=2015-07-17}} 55. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.apache.org/dist/httpd/Announcement2.4.html|title=Apache HTTP Server 2.4.38 Released|work=apache.org}} 56. ^{{cite web|url=http://httpd.apache.org/ABOUT_APACHE.html|title=About the Apache HTTP Server Project - The Apache HTTP Server Project|author=Documentation Group|work=apache.org}} 57. ^The Apache HTTP Server Open Source Project on Ohloh. (n.d.). Ohloh, the open source network. Retrieved November 12, 2012 58. ^{{cite web|url=http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/13/html/Managing_Confined_Services/chap-Managing_Confined_Services-The_Apache_HTTP_Server.html|title=Chapter 4. The Apache HTTP Server|work=fedoraproject.org}} 59. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/upgrading.html |title=Upgrading to 2.4 from 2.2 |quote=Platform support has been removed for BeOS, TPF, and even older platforms such as A/UX, Next, and Tandem. These were believed to be broken anyway.}} External links
10 : 1995 software|Apache Software Foundation|Apache Software Foundation projects|Cross-platform free software|Free software programmed in C|Free web server software|Reverse proxy|Software using the Apache license|Unix network-related software|Web server software for Linux |
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