| 词条 | Ogaden |
| 释义 |
| name = Ogaden | native_name = Ogaadeen أوجادين | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = Somali | image_map = Ogaden Map.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Shaded relief map of Ethiopia, cropped and centered on the Ogaden area | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Region (non-administrative) | subdivision_name = Ogaden | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 327068 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = {{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} | population_total = 8,148,989 | population_as_of = July 2016 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = ET-SO | website = | footnotes = | official_name = }}Ogaden (pronounced and often spelled Ogadēn; {{lang-so|Ogaadeen}}) is the historical name of the modern Somali Region, the territory comprising the eastern portion of Ethiopia formerly part of the Hararghe province. The inhabitants are predominantly ethnic Somalis. The Ogaden (clan) of the Darod constitute the majority in the region,[1][2] although this is disputed.[3] Other Somali clans in the region are Isaaq,Gadabuursi, Issa and Hawiye clans.[4] The region, which is around 200,000 square kilometres, borders Djibouti, Somalia and Kenya.[5] Important towns include Jijiga, Degahbur, Gode, Kebri Dahar, Fiq, Shilabo, Kelafo, Werder and Danan. The Ogaden is a plateau, with an elevation above sea level that ranges from 1,500 metres in the northwest, falling to about 300 metres along the southern limits and the Wabi Shebelle valley. The areas with altitudes between 1,400 and 1,600 metres are characterised as semi-arid; receiving as much as 500–600 mm of rainfall annually. More typical of the Ogaden is an average annual rainfall of 350 mm and less. The landscape consists of dense shrubland, bush grassland and bare hills.[6] In more recent years, the Ogaden has suffered from increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, which has led to an increasing frequency of major droughts: in 1984–85; 1994; and most recently in 1999–2000, during which pastoralists claim to have lost 70–90 percent of their cattle.[7] EtymologyThe origin of the term Ogaden is unknown, however it is usually attributed to the Somali clan of the same name, originally referring only to their land, and eventually expanding to encompass the whole of the modern Somali Region of Ethiopia.[8][9] This usage is sometimes opposed by other clans inhabiting the region.[10] An alternative (possibly folk) etymology analyses the name as a combination of the Harari word ūga ("road")[11] and Aden, a city in Yemen, supposedly deriving from an ancient caravan route through the region connecting Harar to the Arabian Peninsula.[12] HistoryThere are few historical texts written about the people who lived in what is known today as the Ogaden region of Ethiopia. In its early history, Ogaden was inhabited by Harla, a now extinct people.[13][14] Harla are linked to the Harari and Somali Ogaden clan.[15] In the ninth century Ogaden served as capital of the Makhzumi Dynasty.[16] Ogaden was part of the Ifat Sultanate in the 13th and beginning of the 14th centuries AD. The borders of the sultanate extended to the Shewa - Addis Ababa area of Ethiopia. The Ifat Sultanate was succeeded by the Adal Sultanate. There was an ongoing conflict between the Adal Sultanate and the Christian Kingdom of Abyssinia throughout this time. During the first half of the 16th century, most of Abyssinian territory was conquered and came under the rule of Adal, when Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, the leader of the Somali-dominated Adal's Army, took control.[17] In the seventeenth century it became a tributary state of the Emirate of Harar.[18] During the last quarter of the 19th century, the region was conquered by Menelik II of Abyssinia and Ethiopia solidified their claim by treaties in 1897.[19] I.M. Lewis argues a subtly different interpretation of this treaty, emphasising that "the lost lands in the Haud which were excised from the Protectorate [i.e. British Somaliland] were not, however ceded to Ethiopia".[20] In practice, Ethiopia exerted little administrative control east of Jijiga until 1934 when an Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission attempted to demarcate the treaty boundary. This boundary is still disputed.[21] In 1914, Iyasu V of Ethiopia appointed Abdullahi Sadiq, governor of Ogaden.[22] The Italians annexed the region to Italian Somaliland in 1936 after their conquest of Ethiopia. Following their conquest of Italian East Africa, the British sought to let the Ogaden be unified with British Somaliland and the former Italian Somaliland, to realize Greater Somalia which was supported by many Ogaden Somalis.[23] Ethiopia unsuccessfully pleaded before the London Conference of the Allied Powers to gain the Ogaden and Eritrea in 1945, but their persistent negotiations[24][25] and influence from the USA eventually persuaded the British in 1948 to abandon all of the Ogaden to Ethiopia in 1954.The British returned these last parts to Ethiopia in 1954. In the late 1970s, internal unrest in the Ogaden resumed. The Western Somali Liberation Front, spurred by Makhtal Dahir, used guerilla tactics to resist Ethiopian rule. Ethiopia and Somalia fought the Ogaden War over control of this region and its peoples. In 2007, the Ethiopian Army launched a military crackdown in Ogaden after Ogaden rebels killed dozens of civilian staff workers and guards at an Ethiopian oil field.[26] The main rebel group is the Ogaden National Liberation Front under its Chairman Mohamed O. Osman, which is fighting against the Ethiopian government. Some Somalis who inhabit Ogaden claim that Ethiopian military kill civilians, destroy the livelihood of many of the ethnic Somalis and commit crimes against the nomads in the region.[27] However, testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs revealed massive brutality and killings by the ONLF rebels, which the Ethiopian government labels "terrorists."[28] The extent of this war can't be established due to a media blockade in the Ogaden region. Some international rights organizations have accused the Ethiopian government of committing abuses and crimes that "violate laws of war,"[29] as a recent report by the Human Rights Watch indicates. Other reports have claimed that Ethiopia has bombed, killed, and raped many Somalis in the Ogaden region, while the United States continues to arm Ethiopia in the United States' ongoing War on Terror in the Horn of Africa.[30][31] [32]EcologyThis locale has been a historic habitat for the endangered African wild dog, Lycaon pictus;[33] However, this canid is thought by some to have been extirpated from Ogaden. See also
Notes1. ^{{cite book |last1=Carment |first1=David |title=Who Intervenes?: Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis |publisher=Ohio State University Press |page=75-76 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=_jAaUQJNAx0C&pg=PA75&dq=ogaden+majority&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBobPA4ILhAhXiy4MKHY3xDSsQ6AEIQDAE#v=onepage&q=ogaden%20majority&f=false}} 2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=299xCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=ogaden+clan+majority&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtqd2htoLhAhUkzoMKHeUeB3kQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=ogaden%20clan%20majority&f=false|title=Medical Humanitarianism: Ethnographies of Practice|last=Abramowitz|first=Sharon|last2=Panter-Brick|first2=Catherine|date=2015-09-17|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812247329|language=en}} 3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=yckMyLVh3oYC&pg=PA58&dq=ogaden+clan+majority&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijntzB4ZThAhVIzoMKHULNAcwQ6AEIQzAF#v=onepage&q=ogaden%20clan%20majority&f=false|title=Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers|last=Markakis|first=John|date=2011|publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd|isbn=9781847010339|language=en}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MM1yAAAAMAAJ&q|title=New Trends in Ethiopian Studies: Social Sciences|last=Marcus|first=Harold Golden|last2=Hudson|first2=Grover|date=1994|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569020159|language=en}} 5. ^Gebru Tareke, "The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited," in Board of Trustees, Boston University, The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Boston University African Studies Center, 2000, p. 636. 6. ^Ayele Gebre-Mariam, The Critical Issue of Land Ownership{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), p. 12 (accessed 19 January 2009) 7. ^CHF International, Grassroots Conflict Assessment in the Somali Region {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726084227/http://www.chfhq.org/files/3707_file_Somali_Region_Assessment_8.4.06.pdf |date=July 26, 2011 }} (Aug. 2006), p. 12 (accessed 12 December 2008) 8. ^{{cite book|author1=Gérard Prunier|author2=Éloi Ficquet|title=Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYmMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-261-1|page=36}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=Paolo Billi|title=Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfipBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA324|date=23 March 2015|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-017-8026-1|page=324}} 10. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BfipBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia|last=Billi|first=Paolo|date=2015-03-23|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789401780261|language=en}} 11. ^{{cite journal |last1=Leslau |first1=Wolf |title=An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary |journal=Annales d'Éthiopie |date=1959 |page=292 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_1959_num_3_1_1310 |accessdate=20 March 2019}} 12. ^{{cite journal |last1=Eshete |first1=Tibebe |title=Towards a History of the Incorporation of the Ogaden: 1887-1935 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |date=1994 |volume=27 |issue=2 |page=69–70 |jstor=41966038 }} 13. ^{{cite book |last1=Chekroun |first1=Amelie |title=The Harla: archeology and memory of the giants of Ethiopia |publisher=French Center for Ethiopian Studies |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=https://books.openedition.org/cfee/717&prev=searchgend}} 14. ^{{cite book |last1=Wildings |first1=Richard |title=The shorefolk: aspects of the early development of Swahili communities |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=_RcQAQAAMAAJ&q=harla+ogaden&dq=harla+ogaden|date=1987 }} 15. ^{{cite book |last1=B |first1=Ulrich |title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=darod++harala#v=onepage&q=darod%20%20harala&f=false|isbn=9783825856717 |year=2002 }} 16. ^{{cite book |last1=Østebø |first1=Terje |title=Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia |date=2011 |publisher=BRILL |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BOn3ykfBN-0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=first+to+emerge+was+the+sultanate+of+showa+localising#v=snippet&q=first%20to%20emerge&f=false|isbn=978-9004184787 }} 17. ^A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self - Determination, first edition (London:Mohamed Abdi, 2007), pp. 4-12. 18. ^{{cite book |title=Ethiopia: land of slavery & brutality |date=1935 |url=https://www.everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/leagueofnations1935Ethiopia.pdf |page=2 |publisher=League of Nations}} 19. ^Bahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia (London: James Currey, 1991), p. 113. 20. ^I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002),p. 59 21. ^Lewis, Modern History, p. 61 22. ^{{cite book |last1=Keller |first1=Tait |title=Environmental Histories of the First World War |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=226 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=AWJjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226&dq=iyasu+abdullahi+sadiq+ogaden#v=onepage&q=iyasu%20abdullahi%20sadiq%20ogaden&f=false|isbn=9781108429160 }} 23. ^Bahru Zewde, History p. 180. 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ethiopianreview.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=35701 |title=Ethiopia offers Britain land in exchange for Zeila port of Somaliland - 1946 • Ethiopian Review |publisher=Ethiopianreview.com |date=2012-02-10 |accessdate=2012-09-10}} 25. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ATQQ0FMS1FQC&pg=PA284&lpg=PA284&dq=british+corridor+somaliland#v=onepage&q=british%20corridor%20somaliland&f=false |title=The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the ... - Wm. Roger Louis - Google Books |accessdate=2012-09-10|isbn=9780198229605 |last1=Louis |first1=William Roger |year=1984 }} 26. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/25/world/africa/25ethiopia.html Ethiopian Rebels Kill 70 at Chinese-Run Oil Field] 27. ^{{Cite web | author=Ogaden Human Rights Committee | title=Mass Killings in the Ogaden: Daily Atrocities Against Civilians by the Ethiopian Armed Forces | url=http://www.ogadenrights.org/MASS_KILLINGS_ogaden.pdf | date=2006-02-20 | accessdate=2012-09-27}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/pha100207.htm |title=US Committee on Foreign Affairs on Ethiopia |publisher=Foreignaffairs.house.gov |date=2007-10-02 |accessdate=2012-09-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127125819/http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/pha100207.htm |archivedate=2012-11-27 |df= }} 29. ^{{cite web|author=Peter Takirambudde |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/07/02/ethiop16327.htm |title=Ethiopia: Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians (Human Rights Watch, 4-7-2007) |publisher=Hrw.org |date=2007-07-04 |accessdate=2012-09-10}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31655 |title=Ethiopia Ogaden rebels blast report on killing civilians |publisher=Sudantribune.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-10}} 31. ^ONLF rebels accused of killing civilians in southern Ethiopia {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811004700/http://jimmatimes.com/article/Africa_News/Africa_News/Ogadens_ONLF_rebels_accused_of_killing_civilians_in_southern_Ethiopia/32413 |date=2010-08-11 }} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2173264/|title=Why We Don't Hear About the Conflict in the Ogaden: When an American reporter started digging, he was forced out of Ethiopia.|first=Will|last=Connors|publisher=Slate|date=2007-09-05}} 33. ^C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 |date=December 9, 2010 }} External links{{Commonscat}}
6 : Geography of Somalia|Geography of Ethiopia|Somali Region|Territorial disputes of Somalia|Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|Ogaden |
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