“Ohio”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ohio {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ohio.ogg|oʊ|ˈ|h|aɪ|oʊ}} is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Of the fifty states, it is the 34th largest by area, the seventh most populous, and the tenth most densely populated. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.

The state takes its name from the Ohio River, whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo, meaning "good river", "great river" or "large creek".^[12]^[13]^[14] Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the Northwest Ordinance.^[15]^[16] Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".^[17]

Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier, to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union, to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transmogrifying to a more information and service based economy in the 21st.

The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, led by the state Supreme Court. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives.^[18] Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.^[19] Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state.

Ohio is an industrial state, ranking 8th out of 50 states in GDP (2015), and is the second largest producer of automobiles behind Michigan.

Geography

Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.^[20] To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio {{convert|312|mi|km}} of coastline,^[21] which allows for numerous cargo ports. Ohio's southern border is defined by the Ohio River (with the border being at the 1792 low-water mark on the north side of the river),^[37] and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohio's neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Lake Erie to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, and West Virginia on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by metes and bounds in the Enabling Act of 1802 as follows:

Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by Virginia (which at that time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.^[22] Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.

The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.

Much of Ohio features glaciated till plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, and then by another belt known as the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills and forests.

The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West Virginia Panhandle to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct socio-economic unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region."^[23] This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.^[24] While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476 million people.)^[25]

Significant rivers within the state include the Cuyahoga River, Great Miami River, Maumee River, Muskingum River, and Scioto River. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio River and then the Mississippi.

The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of Dayton. As a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.^[26]

Grand Lake St. Marys in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over {{convert|20|sqmi|km2}}, was the largest artificial lake in the world. Ohio's canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.

Climate

The climate of Ohio is a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa/Dfb) throughout most of the state, except in the extreme southern counties of Ohio's Bluegrass region section, which are located on the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and Upland South region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer tornado reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the Tornado Alley. Severe lake effect snowstorms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of Lake Erie, which is located in an area designated as the Snowbelt.

Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna do reach well into Ohio. For instance, some trees with more southern ranges, such as the blackjack oak, Quercus marilandica, are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), Albizia julibrissin (mimosa), Crape Myrtle, and even the occasional needle palm are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the Bluegrass region of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on Interstate 75 from Cincinnati to Toledo; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's common wall lizard, one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.

Due to flooding over the previous month resulting in severely damaged highways, Governor Mike DeWine declared a state of emergency in 37 Ohio counties, on 20 February 2009: Adams, Athens, Belmont, Brown, Butler, Carroll, Clermont, Clinton, Columbiana, Coshocton, Gallia, Greene, Guernsey, Hamilton, Harrison, Highland, Hocking, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Lawrence, Licking, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, Perry, Pike, Preble, Ross, Scioto, Tuscarawas, Vinton, Warren, and Washington.^[27]

Records

The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|113|F|C|lk=on}}, near Gallipolis on July 21, 1934.^[29]

The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-39|F|C}}, at Milligan on February 10, 1899,^[30] during the Great Blizzard of 1899.^[31]

Earthquakes

Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 30 earthquakes occurred in Ohio between 2002 and 2007, and more than 200 quakes with a magnitude of 2.0 or higher have occurred since 1776.^[32]

The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the Anna (Shelby County) earthquake,^[33] which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of intensity VIII.^[34]

Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:^[35] one of magnitude 4.8 near Lima on September 19, 1884;^[36] one of magnitude 4.2 near Portsmouth on May 17, 1901;^[37] and one of 5.0 in LeRoy Township in Lake County on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.^[38]^[39]

The most recent earthquake in Ohio of any appreciable magnitude occurred on December 31, 2011, at 3:05pm EST. It had a magnitude of 4.0, and its epicenter was located approximately 4 kilometres northwest of Youngstown ({{coord|41|7|19.1994|N|80|41|2.3994|W}}), near the Trumbull/Mahoning county border.^[40]

The Ohio Seismic Network (OhioSeis), a group of seismograph stations at several colleges, universities, and other institutions, and coordinated by the Division of Geological Survey of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources,^[41] maintains an extensive catalog of Ohio earthquakes from 1776 to the present day, as well as earthquakes located in other states whose effects were felt in Ohio.^[42]

Major cities and metropolitan areas

The Top 5 Metropolitan Areas and Combined Statistical Areas of Ohio based on U.S. Census 2017 Estimates

Columbus (home of The Ohio State University, Franklin University, Capital University, and Ohio Dominican University) is the capital of Ohio, near the geographic center of the state.

Other Ohio cities functioning as centers of United States metropolitan areas include:

The Cincinnati metropolitan area extends into Kentucky and Indiana, the Steubenville metropolitan area extends into West Virginia, The Toledo metropolitan area extends into Michigan, and the Youngstown metropolitan area extends into Pennsylvania.

Ohio cities that function as centers of United States micropolitan areas include:

History

Native Americans

Archeological evidence of spear points of both the Folsom and Clovis types indicate that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by nomadic people as early as 13,000 BC.^[44] These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000 BC.^[44] Between 1,000 and 800 BC, the sedentary Adena culture emerged. The Adena were able to establish "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, including, sunflowers, and "grew squash and possibly corn"; with hunting and gathering, this cultivation supported more settled, complex villages.^[45] The most notable remnant of the Adena culture is the Great Serpent Mound, located in Adams County, Ohio.^[45]

Around 100 BC, the Adena evolved into the Hopewell people who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated earthworks can be found in modern-day Marietta, Newark, and Circleville.^[46] They were also a prolific trading society, with a trading network that spanned a third of the continent.^[47] The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600 AD. The Mississippian Culture rose as the Hopewell Culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains & east coast claim them as ancestors & say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approx. the 13th century.^[48]

There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the Fort Ancient people, the Whittlesey Focus people^[48] & the Monongahela Culture.^[49] All three cultures disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. It is generally believed{{weasel inline|date=January 2019}} that the Shawnees may have{{weasel inline|date=January 2019}} absorbed the Fort Ancient people.^[48] It's also possible{{weasel inline|date=January 2019}} that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian Culture were close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.

Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected{{how|date=January 2019}} by the aggressive tactics of the Iroquois Confederation, based in central and western New York.^[50] After the Beaver Wars in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people{{dubious|date=January 2019}} by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly Algonquian. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease,{{clarify|reason=no disease has been mentioned yet|date=January 2019}} war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the fur trade.^[51]

The indigenous nations to inhabit Ohio in the historical period{{vague|reason=we haven't defined this time period|date=January 2019}} included the Iroquoian^[52], the Algonquian^[53] & the Siouan^[54].^[55]^[56] Ohio country was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the Yellow Creek Massacre, Gnadenhutten and Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre.^[57] Most Native Peoples who remained in Ohio were slowly bought out{{where|date=January 2019}} and convinced to leave{{how|date=January 2019}}, or ordered to do so by law{{which|date=January 2019}}, in the early 19th century with the Indian Removal Act of 1830.{{cleanup|section|reason=This act affected only southern tribes in Mississippi and Alabama|date=January 2019}}

Colonial and Revolutionary eras

During the 18th century, the French set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region. Beginning in 1754, France and Great Britain fought the French and Indian War. As a result of the Treaty of Paris, the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the Old Northwest to Great Britain.

Pontiac's Rebellion in the 1760s, however, posed a challenge to British military control.^[58] This came to an end with the colonists' victory in the American Revolution. In the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio country to the United States.

Northwest Territory: 1787–1803

The United States created the Northwest Territory under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.^[59] Slavery was not permitted in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of Marietta by the Ohio Company of Associates, which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the Miami Company (also referred to as the "Symmes Purchase") claimed the southwestern section, and the Connecticut Land Company surveyed and settled the Connecticut Western Reserve in present-day Northeast Ohio. Territorial surveyors from Fort Steuben began surveying an area of eastern Ohio called the Seven Ranges at about the same time.

The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as Ohio Country and Illinois Country. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the Indiana Territory was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore".

Under the Northwest Ordinance, areas of the territory could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population numbered only 45,000 in December 1801, Congress determined that the population was growing rapidly and Ohio could begin the path to statehood. The assumption was that it would exceed 60,000 residents by the time it was admitted as a state. Furthermore, in regards to the Leni Lenape Native Americans living in the region, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren ... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity".^[60]

Statehood and settlement

On February 19, 1803, U.S. President Thomas Jefferson signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.^[61] However, Congress had never passed a resolution formally admitting Ohio as the 17th state. The current custom of Congress declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812,{{disputed inline|date=September 2017}} with Louisiana's admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, Ohio congressman George H. Bender introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the Ohio General Assembly first convened.^[82] At a special session at the old state capital in Chillicothe, the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood that was delivered to Washington, D.C. on horseback. On August 7, 1953 (the year of Ohio's 150th anniversary), President Eisenhower signed a congressional joint resolution that officially declared March 1, 1803, the date of Ohio's admittance into the Union.^[62]^[63]^[64]

Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, Zanesville, and Columbus. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years, as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe, which was the capital from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to have it near the geographic center of the state.

Although many Native Americans had migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. In 1830 under President Andrew Jackson, the US government forced Indian Removal of most tribes to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

In 1835, Ohio fought with Michigan in the Toledo War, a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making Michigan's admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the Upper Peninsula, in addition to the eastern third that was already considered part of the state.

Civil War and growth

Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the Civil War. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the union during the Civil war. Ohio contributed more soldiers per-capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the battle of Shiloh, a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.^[65] Later that year, when Confederate troops under the leadership of Stonewall Jackson threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor David Tod still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.^[66] From July 12 to July 23, 1863, Southern Ohio and Indiana were attacked in Morgan's Raid. While this raid was insignificant and small, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and Indiana.^[67] Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.^[68] By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals–Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, and Philip Sheridan–were all from Ohio.^[69]^[70]

Industrialization

In 1912 a Constitutional Convention was held with Charles B. Galbreath as secretary. The result reflected the concerns of the Progressive Era. It introduced the initiative and the referendum. Also, it allowed the General Assembly to put questions on the ballot for the people to ratify laws and constitutional amendments originating in the Legislature. Under the Jeffersonian principle that laws should be reviewed once a generation, the constitution provided for a recurring question to appear on Ohio's general election ballots every 20 years. The question asks whether a new convention is required. Although the question has appeared in 1932, 1952, 1972, and 1992, it has never been approved. Instead, constitutional amendments have been proposed by petition to the legislature hundreds of times and adopted in a majority of cases.

"Mother of Presidents"

Eight US Presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "Mother of Presidents," a sobriquet it shares with Virginia. It is also termed "Modern Mother of Presidents,"^[71] in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven Presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born William Henry Harrison lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, John Cleves Symmes, in North Bend, Ohio. The seven presidents born in Ohio were Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison (grandson of William Henry Harrison), William McKinley, William Howard Taft and Warren G. Harding.

Demographics

Population

From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohio's population grew at rates of over 10% per decade (except for the 1940 census) until the 1970 census, which recorded just over 10.65 million Ohioans.^[74] Growth then slowed for the next four decades.^[75] The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Ohio was 11,689,442 on July 1, 2018, a 1.33% increase since the 2010 United States Census.^[73] Ohio's population growth lags that of the entire United States, and Caucasians are found in a greater density than the United States average. {{As of|2000}}, Ohio's center of population is located in Morrow County,^[76] in the county seat of Mount Gilead.^[77] This is approximately {{convert|6346|ft|m}} south and west of Ohio's population center in 1990.^[76]

As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.^[78]

6.2% of Ohio's population is under five years of age, 23.7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14.1 percent were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.2 percent of the population.

Birth data

Ancestry

According to the 2010 United States Census, the racial composition of Ohio was the following:^[84]^[85]

In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized US citizens and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.^[5] The largest groups were:^[89] Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.

The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:^[5]^[90]

Ancestries claimed by less than 1% of the population include Sub-Saharan African, Puerto Rican, Swiss, Swedish, Arab, Greek, Norwegian, Romanian, Austrian, Lithuanian, Finnish, West Indian, Portuguese and Slovene.

Languages

About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and over reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.^[5] Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke English, 239,229 Spanish, 55,970 German, 38,990 Chinese, 33,125 Arabic, and 32,019 French. In addition 59,881 spoke a Slavic language and 42,673 spoke another West Germanic language according to the 2010 Census.^[91] Ohio also had the nation's largest population of Slovene speakers, second largest of Slovak speakers, second largest of Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers, and the third largest of Serbian speakers.^[92]

Religion

According to a Pew Forum poll, as of 2008, 76% of Ohioans identified as Christian.^[93] Specifically, 26% of Ohio's population identified as Evangelical Protestant, 22% as Mainline Protestant, and 21% as Catholic.^[93] 17% of the population is unaffiliated with any religious body.^[93] 1.3% (148,380) were Jewish.^[94] There are also small minorities of Jehovah's Witnesses (1%), Muslims (1%), Hindus (<0.5%), Buddhists (<0.5%), Mormons (<0.5%), and other faiths (1-1.5%).^[93]

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010 the largest denominations by adherents were the Catholic Church with 1,992,567; the United Methodist Church with 496,232; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 223,253, the Southern Baptist Convention with 171,000, the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ with 141,311, the United Church of Christ with 118,000, and the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 110,000.^[95] With about 70,000 people in 2015 Ohio had the second largest Amish population of all states of the US.^[96]

According to the same data, a majority of Ohioans, 55%, feel that religion is "very important," 30% say that it is "somewhat important," and 15% responded that religion is "not too important/not important at all."^[93] 36% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 35% attend occasionally, and 27% seldom or never participate in religious services.^[93]

Economy

In 2010, Ohio was ranked No. 2 in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.^[98] The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.^[99] {{As of|2016}}, Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626 billion.^[100] This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the District of Columbia.^[101]

The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.^[102] Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.^[103] The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.^[104] Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.^[105] Ohio has 5 of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report's 2010 rankings,^[106] and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.^[107]

Ohio's unemployment rate stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,^[108] down from 10.7% in May 2010.^[109]^[110] The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the prerecession numbers of 2007.^[111] The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.^[111] Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.^[101]^[112] {{As of|2016}}, Ohio's median household income is $52,334,^[113] and 14.6% of the population is below the poverty line^[114]

The manufacturing and financial activities sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.^[101] Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.^[115]^[116] Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.^[117] 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.^[101]

By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the health care and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).^[101] Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).^[101] Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.^[101] Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including Procter & Gamble, Goodyear Tire & Rubber, AK Steel, Timken, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Wendy's.^[118]

Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,^[119] the Ohio Lottery.^[120] The Ohio Lottery has contributed over $15.5 billion to public education in its 34-year history.^[121]

Transportation

Ground travel

Many major east-west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic Lincoln Highway which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including Canton, Mansfield, Wooster, Lima, and Van Wert. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became U.S. Route 30.

Ohio also is home to {{convert|228|mi|km|0}} of the Historic National Road, now U.S. Route 40.

Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the Ohio Turnpike (I-80/I-90) in the north, I-76 through Akron to Pennsylvania, I-70 through Columbus and Dayton, and the Appalachian Highway (State Route 32) running from West Virginia to Cincinnati. Major north-south routes include I-75 in the west through Toledo, Dayton, and Cincinnati, I-71 through the middle of the state from Cleveland through Columbus and Cincinnati into Kentucky, and I-77 in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland through Akron, Canton, New Philadelphia and Marietta south into West Virginia. Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton is one of the heaviest traveled sections of interstate in Ohio.

Ohio also has a highly developed network of signed state bicycle routes. Many of them follow rail trails, with conversion ongoing. The Ohio to Erie Trail (route 1) connects Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. U.S. Bicycle Route 50 traverses Ohio from Steubenville to the Indiana state line outside Richmond.^[122]

Ohio has several long-distance hiking trails, the most prominent is the Buckeye Trail which is a {{convert|1444|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}}[1] hiking trail that loops around the state of Ohio. Part of it is on roads and part is on wooded trail. Additionally, the North Country Trail (the longest of the eleven National Scenic Trails authorized by Congress) and the American Discovery Trail (a system of recreational trails and roads that collectively form a coast-to-coast route across the mid-tier of the United States) pass through Ohio. Much of these two trails coincide with the Buckeye Trail.

Air travel

Ohio has five international airports, four commercial, and two military. The five international include Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, John Glenn Columbus International Airport, and Dayton International Airport, Ohio's third largest airport. Akron Fulton International Airport handles cargo and for private use. Rickenbacker International Airport is one of two military airfields which is also home to the 7th largest FedEx building in America.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} The other military airfield is Wright Patterson Air Force Base which is one of the largest Air Force bases in the United States. Other major airports are located in Toledo and Akron.

Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is in Hebron, Kentucky, and therefore is not listed above.

Transportation lists

Law and government

The state government of Ohio consists of the executive,^[123] judicial,^[124] and legislative^[125] branches.

Executive branch

The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Ohio.^[123] The current governor is Mike DeWine,^[126] a Republican elected in 2018. A lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office,^[127] and performs any duties assigned by the governor.^[128] The current lieutenant governor is Jon Husted. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the secretary of state (Frank LaRose), auditor (Keith Faber), treasurer (Robert Sprague), and attorney general (Dave Yost).^[123]

Judicial branch

There are three levels of the Ohio state judiciary. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".^[129] The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.^[130] Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.^[129] A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.^[129]

The highest-ranking court, the Ohio Supreme Court, is Ohio's "court of last resort".^[131] A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.^[132]

Legislative branch

The Ohio General Assembly is a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives.^[133] The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 constituents.^[134] The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.^[135]

Politics

Ohio, nicknamed the "Mother of Presidents," has sent seven of its native sons (Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, and Warren G. Harding) to the White House.^[136] All seven were Republicans. Virginia native William Henry Harrison, a Whig, resided in Ohio.^[136] Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".^[137] The Economist notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American — part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming

suburb",^[138] Ohio is the only state that has voted for the winning Presidential candidate in each election since 1964, and in 33 of the 37 held since the Civil War. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.

Following the 2000 census, Ohio lost one congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, which left Ohio with 18 districts, and consequently, 18 representatives. The state lost two more seats following the 2010 Census, leaving it with 16 seats for the next three presidential elections in 2012, 2016 and 2020.^[143] In the 2008 elections, Democrats gained three seats in Ohio's delegation to the House of Representatives.^[144] This left eight Republican-controlled seats in the Ohio delegation.^[145] Ohio's U.S. Senators in the 112th Congress are Republican Rob Portman and Democrat Sherrod Brown.^[146] Marcy Kaptur (D-9) is the dean, or most senior member, of the Ohio delegation to the United States House of Representatives.^[147]

Education

Ohio's system of public education is outlined in Article VI of the state constitution, and in Title XXXIII of the Ohio Revised Code. Ohio University, the first university in the Northwest Territory, was also the first public institution in Ohio. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in other states. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the Ohio State Board of Education, governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The Ohio Board of Regents coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the University System of Ohio under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of over 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.

Colleges and universities

Notable schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report overall or liberal arts rankings are Case Western Reserve University, Oberlin College, and Kenyon College. Ranking in the top 100 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report are Ohio State University and Miami University.^[148]

Libraries

Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.^[149] The 2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr. ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.^[150] For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.^[149]

The Ohio Public Library Information Network (OPLIN) is an organization that provides Ohio residents with internet access to their 251 public libraries. OPLIN also provides Ohioans with free home access to high-quality, subscription research databases.

Ohio also offers the OhioLINK program, allowing Ohio's libraries (particularly those from colleges and universities) access to materials for the other libraries. The program is largely successful in allowing researchers for access to books and other media that might not be otherwise available.

Culture

Arts

Sports

Professional sports teams

Ohio is home to major professional sports teams in baseball, basketball, football, hockey, lacrosse and soccer. The state's major professional sporting teams include: Cincinnati Reds (Major League Baseball),^[151] Ohio Machine (Major League Lacrosse), Cleveland Indians (Major League Baseball),^[152] Cincinnati Bengals (National Football League),^[153] Cleveland Browns (National Football League),^[153] Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association),^[154] Columbus Blue Jackets (National Hockey League),^[155] and the Columbus Crew (Major League Soccer).^[156]

Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869, were organized in Ohio.^[157] An informal early-20th-century American football association, the Ohio League, was the direct predecessor of the NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The Pro Football Hall of Fame is located in Canton.

On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts minor league baseball, arena football, indoor football, mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer.

Individual sports

The Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course has hosted several auto racing championships, including CART World Series, IndyCar Series, NASCAR Nationwide Series, Can-Am, Formula 5000, IMSA GT Championship, American Le Mans Series and Rolex Sports Car Series.

The Grand Prix of Cleveland also hosted CART races from 1982 to 2007. The Eldora Speedway is a major dirt oval that hosts NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, World of Outlaws Sprint Cars and USAC Silver Crown Series races.

Ohio hosts two PGA Tour events, the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and Memorial Tournament.

The Cincinnati Masters is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and WTA Premier 5 tennis tournament.

College sports

Ohio has eight NCAA Division I FBS college football teams, divided among three different conferences. It has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions.

In Division I-A, representing the Big Ten, the Ohio State Buckeyes football team ranks 5th among all-time winningest programs,{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} with seven national championships and seven Heisman Trophy winners. Their biggest rivals are the Michigan Wolverines, whom they traditionally play each year as the last game of their regular season schedule.

Ohio has six teams represented in the Mid-American Conference: the University of Akron, Bowling Green, Kent State, Miami University, Ohio University and the University of Toledo. The MAC headquarters are in Cleveland.

The University of Cincinnati Bearcats represent Ohio in the American Athletic Conference.

State symbols

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Motto| publisher=Ohio Historical Society| date = July 1, 2005| url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885| accessdate = March 27, 2009}}
2. ^{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Rock Song| publisher=Ohio Historical Society| date = July 1, 2005| url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| accessdate = March 27, 2009}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Ohio Quick Facts|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|accessdate=March 26, 2009}}
4. ^According to the U.S. Census [https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk July 2017 Annual Estimate], Greater Columbus is the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) that is entirely within Ohio, with a population of 2,078,725; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSA that is at least partially within Ohio, with a population of 2,179,082, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSA is the largest in Ohio depends on the context.
5. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder - Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Official USPS Abbreviations |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=1998 |url=http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html |accessdate=March 26, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328210335/http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html |archivedate=March 28, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=December 9, 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Creation of the Board of Elections |publisher=Mahoning County Board of Elections |url=http://www.mahoningcountyoh.gov/DepartmentsAgencies/Departments/BoardofElections/CreationofBOE/tabid/821/Default.aspx |accessdate=March 25, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201145429/http://www.mahoningcountyoh.gov/DepartmentsAgencies/Departments/BoardofElections/CreationofBOE/tabid/821/Default.aspx |archivedate=December 1, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}
9. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=United States Geological Survey |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=July 22, 2012 }}
10. ^¹Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
11. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Symbols| publisher=Ohio Governor's Residence and State Garden| url = http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx| accessdate = March 26, 2009}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |title=Quick Facts About the State of Ohio |publisher=Ohio History Central |accessdate=July 2, 2010 |quote=From Iroquois word meaning 'great river'}}
13. ^{{cite book |first=Marianne |last=Mithun |year=1999 |chapter=Borrowing |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALnf3s2m7PkC&pg=PA311 |pages=311–3 |title=The Languages of Native North America |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-29875-9 |quote=Ohio ('large creek')}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm |title=Native Ohio |accessdate=February 25, 2007 |website=American Indian Studies |publisher=Ohio State University |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070202230727/http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm |archivedate = February 2, 2007 |quote=Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river'}}
15. ^¹{{cite book|author=Mary Stockwell|title=Ohio Adventure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-2382-3|page=88|year=2006}}
16. ^{{cite book|author=William M. Davidson|title=A History of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G24AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA265|year=1902|publisher=Scott, Foresman and Company|page=265}}
17. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf |title=Why is Ohio known as the Buckeye State and why are Ohioans known as Buckeyes? |date=November 1998 |accessdate=December 7, 2018 }}
18. ^{{cite web| last = Berg-Andersson| first = Richard E.| title = The Math Behind the 2000 Census Apportionment of Representatives| publisher=The Green Papers| year = 2000| url = http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html| accessdate = March 25, 2009}}
19. ^{{cite web | last = Pollard | first = Kelvin | title = Swing, Bellwether, and Red and Blue States | publisher=Population Reference Bureau | year = 2008 | url = http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/electiondemographics.aspx | accessdate = March 25, 2009}}
20. ^{{Cite journal | archivedate = January 24, 2008 | url = http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | place = Ohio | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080124091721/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | date = February 12, 2003 | title = Transportation delivers for Ohio | publisher = Department of Transportation | accessdate = December 22, 2005}}
21. ^{{Cite journal | url = http://www.ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx | title = Ohio Coastal Counties | publisher = Department of Natural Resources | place = Ohio | accessdate = September 3, 2008}}
22. ^¹{{Cite journal | url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=444&invol=335 | publisher = Find law | title = Ohio v. Kentucky, 444 U.S. 335 | date = January 21, 1980 | accessdate=August 15, 2016}}
23. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |title=History of the Appalachian Regional Commission |publisher=Appalachian Regional Commission |accessdate=January 3, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222133844/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |archivedate=December 22, 2005 |df=mdy-all }}
24. ^"Counties in Appalachia" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917184038/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 |date=September 17, 2008 }}, Appalachian Regional Commission. Retrieved January 3, 2006.
25. ^[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170526193218/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t "GCT-T1 Ohio County Population Estimates—2005"], The United States Census Bureau, retrieved January 3, 2006. True summation of Ohio Appalachia counties population (1,476,384) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together (July 1, 2005 data). Percentage obtained by dividing that number into that table's estimate of Ohio population as of July 1, 2005 (11,464,042)
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|title=The History of the MCD: The Conservancy Act|accessdate=January 13, 2007|authorlink=|publisher=Miami Conservancy District|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314003325/http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|archivedate=March 14, 2007|df=mdy-all}}
27. ^{{cite web |title=State of Emergency in 37 Ohio Counties Declared |url=https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019 |website=www.governor.ohio.gov |accessdate=21 March 2019 |date=20 March 2019}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=OH&statename=Ohio-United-States-of-America|title=Ohio climate averages|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=November 12, 2015}}
29. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/maxtemps.pdf| title = All-Time Temperature Maximums By State (2003)| accessdate = November 7, 2006| publisher=National Climatic Data Center}}
30. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf| title = All-Time Temperature Minimums By State (2003)| accessdate = November 7, 2006| publisher=National Climatic Data Center}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/02/06/the-great-blizzard-of-1899-deep-south-deep-freeze/ |title=The Great Blizzard of 1899: Deep South, Deep Freeze |last1=McLeod |first1=Jaime |date=February 6, 2012 |website=The Farmer's Almanac |access-date=February 5, 2016 }}
32. ^ODNR Updates Ohio Earthquake Map to Reflect Statewide Seismic Activity Since 2002 (news release), Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey (September 18, 2007)
33. ^Ohio Seismic Network, What was the biggest earthquake in Ohio?
34. ^[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213060325/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php |date=December 13, 2007 }}, U.S. Geological Survey.
35. ^{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | title = Historic United States Earthquakes | contribution = Ohio | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007212652/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | archivedate = October 7, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}
36. ^{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | title = Historic Earthquakes | contribution = Near Lima, OH, 1884‐9‐19 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909210752/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | archivedate = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}
37. ^{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes | contribution = Near Portsmouth, OH, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archivedate = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}
38. ^{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes | contribution = Northeast Ohio, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archivedate = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}
39. ^{{Cite journal | url = http://www.ohiodnr.com/geosurvey/earthquakes/860131/860131/tabid/8365/ | contribution = January 1986 Northeastern Ohio Earthquake | title = The Ohio Seismic Network | publisher = Ohio Department of Natural Resources | accessdate = September 13, 2009}}
40. ^{{Cite journal|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120107125644/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |title=Magnitude 4.0 – Youngstown‐Warren urban area, OH |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |accessdate=December 31, 2011 }}
41. ^{{Cite journal | url = http://www.ohiodnr.com/ohioseis/default/tabid/8144/ | title = The Ohio Seismic Network | publisher = Department of natural resources | place = OH}}
42. ^Catalog of Ohio Earthquakes, at the Ohio Department of Natural Resources web site
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45. ^¹Knepper (1989), p. 10.
46. ^Knepper (1989), p. 11.
47. ^Douglas T. Price; Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277.
48. ^¹²Knepper (1989), p. 13.
49. ^"Monongahela culture-AD 1050-1635". Fort Hill Archeology. Retrieved 2010-01-14.
50. ^Knepper (1989), p. 14.
51. ^Roseboom (1967), p. 20.
52. ^Petun, Erie, Chonnonton, Wyandot, the Mingo Seneca & the Iroquois Confederacy
53. ^Miami, Mascouten Lenape Shawnee & Odawa
54. ^Mosopelea
55. ^louis, franquelin, jean baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana.". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
56. ^Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.
57. ^Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.
58. ^"Pontiac's Rebellion" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403005247/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=539 |date=April 3, 2009 }}, Ohio History Central, July 1, 2005.
59. ^Cayton (2002), p. 3.
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61. ^An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the state of Ohio, ch. 7, {{USStat|2|201}} (February 19, 1803).
62. ^¹{{cite journal |last=Blue |first= Frederick J. |title=The Date of Ohio Statehood |journal=Ohio Academy of History Newsletter |date= Autumn 2002 |url=http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911164131/http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archivedate=September 11, 2010}}
63. ^Joint Resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, ({{USStatute|83|204|67|407|1953|08|07}}).
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66. ^Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.
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