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词条 OK gesture
释义

  1. Positive connotations

     Classical usage  "OK"  Underwater diving  Money  Mudra 

  2. Negative connotations

     Cultural contexts  The circle game  White power symbol 

  3. Sign language

     Monastic signing  ASL  Fingerspelling  Counting 

  4. Popular culture

     The Prisoner  As a film title 

  5. Other connotations

     Political affiliations  Occult  Medical testing  Corporate logos 

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

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The OK or ring gesture (Unicode symbol U+1F44C "👌") is performed by connecting the thumb and index finger into a circle, and holding the other fingers straight or relaxed away from the palm. Commonly used by divers, it signifies "I am OK" or "Are you OK?" when underwater. In most English-speaking countries it denotes approval, agreement, and that all is well or "okay". In other contexts or cultures, this same gesture may have different meanings or connotations, including many that are negative, offensive, financial, numerical, devotional, or purely linguistic.

Positive connotations

Classical usage

Ring gestures, formed by forefinger and thumb with remaining digits extended, appear in Greece at least as early as the fifth century BCE, and can be seen on painted vases as an expression of love, with thumb and forefinger mimicking kissing lips. When proffered by one person toward another in Ancient Greece, the gesture was of one professing their love for another, and the sentiment was conveyed more in the touching of fingertips than in the ring that they formed.[1] As an expression of assent and approval, the gesture can be traced back to first century Rome where the rhetorician Quintilian is recorded as having used it.[2] Quintilian's chironomy prescribed variations in context for the gesture's use during specific points of a speech: to open, give warning or praise or accusation, and then to close a declamation.[1]

Contemporaneously the sign appeared throughout the Buddhist and Hindu diasporas as a symbol of inner perfection. Ethologist Desmond Morris posits that the joined thumb-and-forefinger communicates precision in grasping something literally or figuratively, and that the shape formed by their union represents the epitome of perfection—a circle—hence the gesture's transcultural message that things are "exactly right" or "perfect".[3]

In Naples the gesture has been long used to symbolize love and matrimony, as was custom in neighboring Greece, but specifically with the palm upturned, while the gesture made with a downturned palm represents a hand holding the scales of justice.[1][4] Across Italy the gesture remained in use as one for making points in conversation when moved about to express discursive precision, but when held still in an upright position with fingers jutting skyward, it became an emblem of perfection.[1]

Early records of the sign's usage in the English-speaking world date to British physician-philospher John Bulwer's 1644 Chirologia, "The naturall language of the hand composed of the speaking motions, and discoursing gestures thereof."[5] Among the many hand gestures detailed by Bulwer, he described one as "The top of the fore-finger moved to joyne with the naile of the Thumbe that's next to it, the other fingers in remitter,"[6] and said that it was "opportune for those who relate, distinguish, or approve".[7]

"OK"

By the early 19th century in the United States, the gesture was affiliated with the letters "O" (formed by the circle) and "K" (derived from the extended fingers). While it is not known exactly how the OK gesture and the corresponding verbal expression coalesced, linguist Allan Metcalf dates the expression's rise in usage to an 1839 humor piece in the Boston Morning Post describing the expression "O.K." as meaning "orl korrek" (imitating an immigrant pronunciation of "all correct") at a time when acronyms for misspelled words were in vogue.[8] Several other broadsheets in Boston, New York and Philadelphia ran with the expression in their own columns, bringing the phrase into the vernacular of American English.[9]

The following year Democrats took to using the phrase and its accompanying gesture in support of president Martin Van Buren's campaign for reelection. A native of Kinderhook, New York, Van Buren was widely known by his nickname, “Old Kinderhook”, whose initials, "O.K.", were steadily gaining traction as an expression of approval. In New York City, fans of Van Buren formed the O.K. Democratic Club and used the gesture as its sign, with the slogan of "O.K." bearing the double meaning in the club's catchphrase, "Old Kinderhook is all correct."[9] Both phrase and gesture made their way into newspapers around the country via political cartoons, thus further spreading the expression. After Van Buren's defeat to William Henry Harrison, O.K. was briefly satirized as meaning "Ofrul Kalamity" or "Orful Katastrophe".[10]

Despite Van Buren's loss and the subsequent dissolution of the O.K. Democratic Club, the gesture has since been widely used since to mean "all is well" or "good" in the United States.[11][12] As a gesture, its connotation is more positive than the word "OK," which may mean a thing is merely satisfactory or mediocre, as in, "The food was OK." The gesture is commonly understood as a signal of approval, and is sometimes used synonymously with the Western "thumbs up" gesture.

Underwater diving

In the communication used by scuba divers, the OK sign is specific in its meaning that "everything is OK" as regulated by the Recreational Scuba Training Council. Divers are taught to always use this sign and not the thumbs up gesture because the latter means that a diver needs to ascend.[13] The gesture is also used as a means of checking in, with one diver using it to ask another, "Everything OK?" and the response meaning, "Yes, everything is OK."[14]

At distances where the standard OK gesture may be hard to see, divers use larger signals as an alternative, either with one hand atop the head and the elbow bent out to the side, or both hands touching above the head so that the arms form an "O" for "OK".[15] This full-body gesture is also used as "OK" in Japan where the single-handed gesture connotes monetary transactions instead of meaning "OK".[16] This two-armed OK gesture was added to Unicode in 2010 under the name “Face With OK Gesture” (U+1F646 "🙆") and became part of Emoji 1.0 in 2015.[17]

Money

In Japan the one-handed ring gesture is used to symbolize money,[18] and in this context the fingers' circular shape represents a coin.[3] Sometimes the sign is used to avoid the verbal awkwardness in talking about or asking for money.[19] In other contexts, it can be used to imply a bribe or other illicit financial transactions,[20][28] or signal an invitation to enter into business negotiations.[21]

In other parts of the world the gesture can also express money, financial transactions, wealth or the priciness of an item. Records of the gesture being used to remark on a person's wealth or status are documented as practiced in Mexico during the late nineteenth century.[22]

Mudra

In yoga the gesture is known as chin mudra ("the seal of consciousness") when the palm is face down, or jnana mudra ("the seal of wisdom") when the palm is face up or held in other positions, such as in front of the heart. Some schools of yoga use chin and jnana mudra interchangeably, while others claim that "the former produces a subtle feeling of rootedness, the latter a sense of lightness,"[31] or that jnana "the passive receiving position" while chin "is an actively giving position".[23] In these mudras the middle, ring, and pinky fingers represent the three gunas of rajas, tamas, and sattva which, when in harmony, unite ātman and brahman, or the individual soul and universal soul. The pressing together of the thumb and forefinger represents that union—or "yoga"—of consciousness.[24] In Buddhism the gesture is called vitarka mudra ("the seal of discussion") and is used to emphasize the meaning of words.[23]

Negative connotations

Cultural contexts

While widespread use of the OK gesture has granted it an international connotation of assent, it also bears negative, vulgar, or offensive meanings in many regions of the world.[25] In contrast to Japan's use of the expression to represent coins and wealth, the gesture's "O" shape stands for "zero" meaning "worth nothing" in France and Tunisia.[26][27] In many Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Tunisia, and Greece, as well as in the Middle East, parts of Germany, and several South American countries, including Argentina, Chile, El Salvador and Mexico, the gesture may be interpreted as a vulgar expression resembling a human anus, referring to sex, either as an insult ("You are an asshole"), or an offensive reference to homosexuality and the act of sodomy. In Brazil it can be synonymous with giving someone the middle finger.[28][29]

In Kuwait and other parts of the Arab world, this sign represents the evil eye and is used as a curse, sometimes in conjunction with verbal condemnation.[30][31][32]

In some regions of the world both the positive "OK" and the negative forms are practiced, which can lead to confusion over which meaning is intended. In regions and cultures where the gesture has a historically negative connotation, its use as an "OK sign" is often the result of its appearance in media and tends to be used more by younger people.[33] In France, where widespread use has seeped in through American culture, the gesture's positive "OK" sentiment became popular in the north of the country while its negative connotation as "worthless" remained in the south. To avoid confusion, French communicators have become accustomed to using additional context clues, such as posture or facial expression, to clarify meaning.[3] In other circumstances, the gesture's varied meanings are less easily reconciled, as was the case in 1950s Brazil when United States Vice President Richard Nixon emerged from his airplane displaying the sign with each hand.[26] While Nixon's intent was to communicate good will to the people of São Paulo, the crowd received it with offense.[34]

The circle game

Since the 1980s the OK gesture has been the key feature of the popular school prank, "the circle game". A person initiating the game makes the gesture below their own waistline and tries to trick an opponent into looking at it. If the person looks at it, the maker of the gesture punches the opponent in the arm.[49] Variations exist where a player who can insert their own index finger into the circle without looking at it may punch the circle-maker.[35]

In November 2000, the gesture gained widespread use when the circle game was a plot feature in an episode of the sitcom Malcolm in the Middle.[36] In the late 2010s the circle game become an online phenomenon, with people embedding the gesture in their Instagram posts as a prank meme.[37]

White power symbol

In 2017, the OK gesture was at the center of an online prank in meme culture related to alt-right and white supremacy originating from anonymous message board posts on the website 4chan.[38] The Boston Globe reported that users on 4chan's "/pol/" (Politically Incorrect) board were instructed in February 2017 to "flood Twitter and other social media websites...claiming that the OK hand sign is a symbol of white supremacy,” as part of a campaign dubbed "Operation O-KKK".[39] The association of the gesture with white supremacy derived from the assertion that the three upheld fingers resemble a 'W' and the circle made with the thumb and forefinger resemble the head of a 'P', together standing for "white power".[55] While some members of the alt-right used the symbol after the launch of the 4chan campaign, it remained ambiguous whether or not it was being used to communicate genuine adherence to white supremacy, or with deliberately ironic motives.[40] In May 2017, the Anti-Defamation League published an article asking:

Has the simple thumb-and-forefinger 'OK' hand gesture become a common white supremacist hand sign? Not quite, but it has become a popular gesture used by people across several segments of the right and far right—including some actual white supremacists—who generally use it to trigger reactions. [...] Only if the gesture occurs in context with other clear indicators of white supremacy can one draw that conclusion.[41]

By 2018, a number of people were accused of signaling support for white supremacist ideology in publicly displaying the gesture.[39][42][43][44] For example, the U.S. Coast Guard disciplined an employee who conspicuously made this gesture in the background of a newscast in September 2018.[45][46] In March 2019 Idaho Lt. Governor Janice McGeachin received considerable criticism for posing with members of the 3 Percenter right-wing militia group outside of her office who made the gesture. [47][48][49] Also in March 2019, Brenton Tarrant flashed the sign "low down" to cameras in a New Zealand courtroom during his arraignment for the fatal shooting of 50 people at two mosques in Christchurch.[50]

Sign language

In most sign languages signs are a combination of hand shape or shapes, position with respect to the body, and movement -- body language and facial expression also provide additional nuance. The following examples refer to the hand shape of the OK gesture, but may combine other elements.

Monastic signing

Dating back to the tenth century in Europe, the gesture of thumb and forefinger forming a ring with the remaining fingers extended was used in a set of standardized ecclesiastical signs employed by Christian monks under vows of silence to represent numerous religious rites and objects. For example, when held out in front of oneself the gesture represented an oblation to God. When touched to the mouth it meant taking a meal. When added to the open-palmed sign for "book" it specified a hymnal, and the sign's O-shape represented the signing of an "O" that began many hymns. If the thumb and forefinger took hold of a specific part of one's own clothing or body such as the hood of a cowl, a lock of hair, or skin on the left hand, the gesture could stand for things as diverse as "monk" or "horse" or "parchment".[51]

===Plains Indian Sign Language===

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In North American Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL), the gesture signifies the Sun when held up in front of the face or moved in an arc following the Sun's track. When held up to the sky and peered through, it is the sign for high noon.[52] A PISL primer printed in an 1888 issue of the Canadian residential school newspaper Our Forest Children specifies that the left hand be used to indicate sunrise and the right for sunset.[53] A more complicated series of movements with hands held in the gesture as if drawing a thread or stretching an elastic can signify death, or more specifically, "After a long time, you die."[54]

ASL

In modern-day American Sign Language (ASL) the gesture can mean many different things depending on how it is applied. The pinching action of the thumb-and-forefinger frequently represents something small. For example, the sign for "housefly" is made by making the gesture mimic a fly buzzing around.[55] In ASL the gesture can also communicate a selection of some sort: When moved from one side to the other as if picking something up and placing it down, it means "appoint". When the joined thumb and forefinger of the gesture are placed into a hole made by the opposite hand, it means "vote". The sign for "elect" is formed by making the signs for "vote" and "appoint" in succession.[56]

Fingerspelling

In deaf culture, the sign of joined thumb and forefinger takes on various letters in different systems of fingerspelling. The American manual alphabet reserves it for the letter F, while in both Irish and French Sign Language it is the letter G.[57] In fingerspellings that represent Cyrillic alphabetical systems, such as the Ukrainian manual alphabet, the gesture represents the vowel O and reflects that letter's shape.[58] Similarly, the Korean manual alphabet uses the gesture for the Hangul letter "ㅇ", romanized as "ng" to reflect its pronunciation in spoken Korean.[59] In yubimoji (指文字 ), Japan's manual syllabary whose 45 signs and four diacritics represent the phonemes of the Japanese language, the gesture is the syllable "me" (め in hiragana, メ in katakana).[60] Various fingerspelling systems may call for other specific features of the gesture beyond its joined thumb-and-forefinger with remaining fingers entended. For example, the ring in yubimoji's "me" gesture is slightly tapered rather than rounded.[61]

Counting

In American Sign Language the OK gesture represents the number 9 when held in a stationary position with the palm facing away from the signer.[79] This ASL numerical sign is the last in a sequence of single-digit integers where quantities of fingers denote the numbers 1 through 5, and then the thumb touches each finger in turn to denote 6 (pinky finger), 7 (ring finger), 8 (middle finger), and finally 9 (index finger). When shaken from left to right the sign for the number 9 becomes the number 19.[62]

In Plains Indian Sign Language the gesture signifies the number 3 when held a bit lower than the signs used to represent the sun.[54] Regional forms of finger counting used in China also employ the raised middle, ring and pinky fingers to express the number 3, either with thumb and index fingers joined as they are in the OK gesture or in a similar configuration.[63] This number gesture is primarily used in China's southern provinces, while in the north 3 may also be expressed by the raised index, middle, and ring fingers as it is in English-speaking countries.[64] Both methods are distinct from having the thumb, index and middle fingers extended as is used to denote 3 in much of mainland Europe,[65] because this represents the number 8 in both Taiwan and parts of mainland China.[66]

Greco-Roman chironomia also included a counting system in which the ring gesture stood for either 10, 30, 100, or 300, the exact number being determined by which hand was used and the exact point of contact between thumb and forefinger.[4]

Popular culture

The Prisoner

The gesture was given prominence in the 1967 British television series The Prisoner, in which a number of unnamed characters are held captive in a village.[67] Whenever these imprisoned villagers would take leave of each other, they did so with the phrase "Be seeing you", accompanied by the gesture held up in front of their own eye as a reminder that despite any pretenses of freedom, they were all prisoners.[68] The gesture is also used as a greeting in the show without the "be seeing you" phrase. The series' lead actor Patrick McGoohan stated that the show had adopted the gesture from the sign of the fish used by early Christians.[69][70]

As a film title

In 2010, South Indian film director Upendra Rao made a cinematic comeback with a film that fans called Super, but whose actual title was 👌.[71] Rao himself starred in his film as a non-resident Indian who returns to his homeland to turn the nation into a utopian society.[72] In depicting the film's title only as a hand symbol, Rao's intent was for the audience to name it, thinking that they might call it "Zero" or "Three," or associate it with Vitarka Mudra or the symbol for om (ॐ).[73] During the film's opening credit sequence, the Vitarka Mudra title transforms into a hand pointing at the viewer announcing the name of the director as "U".[74]

Other connotations

Political affiliations

In Europe's Balkan region the OK gesture is known as the United Macedonia Salute in its association with irredentist campaigns for a united Macedonia.[75] For Macedonian nationalists the two fingers forming the "O" stand for the Macedonian word Обединета (Obedineta, meaning “United”), and the other three fingers symbolize the regions of Aegean Macedonia in northern Greece, Pirin Macedonia in southwestern Bulgaria, and the region of Vardar Macedonia that roughly corresponds to the Republic of North Macedonia's 21st century borders.[76] Taken together, the United Macedonia Salute also resembles the Vergina Sun that was the royal symbol of Ancient Macedonia. Both Sun and Salute became popular among Macedonian Greeks in the 1980s, and the Sun appeared on the Macedonian flag after the Republic of Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1992. Three years later Macedonia changed its flag under economic pressure from Greece, which saw the use of the Vergina Sun as a threat against Greek sovereignty. The United Macedonia Salute remains controversial among many people in the Balkan region, especially those living within parts of Greece or Bulgaria that Macedonian nationalists wish to claim as provinces for the Republic.[77]

Occult

The gesture has been known as "the feminine hand" and was once associated with female genitalia.[78] It has also been used to represent the number 666 as the "Number of the Beast" with the three sixes all sharing the circle formed by the index finger and thumb while the other three fingers form their individual ascenders.[79] In Satanism the three fingers also represent the three aspects of the "Unholy Trinity" of the Sun God Lucifer, the Mother Goddess, and their offspring, the Antichrist. In Freemasonry the hand sign also signifies the deity of the Sun and the Masonic pursuit for light.[80]

Medical testing

The gesture is used by doctors to test functionality of the anterior interosseous nerve and seek indications of median nerve palsy in the hands. When performing the test, a patient makes the OK gesture with both hands. If the circle formed by one hand appears more pinched or less round than the other, it may indicate weakness in the nerve.[81][82]

A similar medical test, known as Froment's sign, is used to test for palsy on the ulnar nerve. To perform the test, a patient holds a piece of paper between their forefinger and thumb, and the examiner attempts to pull it out of the patient's grip.[83] If ulnar nerve palsy is present, the patient will have difficulty maintaining their hold and may compensate by flexing the thumb to add more pressure.[84]

Corporate logos

The gesture has been used as a design element in several corporate and organizational logos. These include the Piramal Group, Bharat Petroleum, and Adlabs Studios, all headquatered in India.[85] Piramal Group CEO Ajay Piramal told the press that "The Group's values are rooted in tradition. They have been derived from three guiding principles in the Bhagavad Gita: Gyan Yoga (the principle of knowledge and learning), Karma Yoga (the principle of dynamic action and entrepreneurial spirit) and Bhakti Yoga (the principle of care, compassion and devotion to a higher purpose)." Piramal stated that the three fingers in the logo symbolize the mind, the body and the intellect in alignment with the Group's core values of "Knowledge, Action and Care" that subtitle the corporation's logo.[86] In contrast to this, Bharat Petroleum began using the OK gesture as its own logo in 2002 with its "Pure for Sure" initiative to indicate that petrol filling stations and trucks transporting gasoline had been audited and approved as selling pure, undiluted fuel, and that customers could trust that what they were buying had been "okayed".[87]

See also

  • OK
  • A-ok
  • Thumb signal
  • Three-finger salute (disambiguation)

References

1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Cornelia |last2=Cienki |first2=Alan |last3=Fricke |first3=Ellen |last4=Ladewig |first4=Silva |last5=McNeill |first5=David |last6=Tessendorf |first6=Sedinha |title=Body – Language – Communication |date=2014 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=9783110302028 |pages=1511–1522 |language=en |chapter=114: Ring-gestures across cultures and times: Dimensions in variation}}
2. ^{{cite book |last1=Tuleja |first1=Tad |title=Curious Customs |date=2012 |publisher=Stonesong |isbn=9780985434397 |language=en |chapter=2. In the Wink of an Eye: Gestures and Posture}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Desmond |title=Peoplewatching: The Desmond Morris Guide to Body Language |date=2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9781407071497 |pages=49–52 |language=en}}
4. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Elworthy |first1=Frederick Thomas |title=The Evil Eye: An Account of this Ancient and Widespread Superstition |date=1895 |publisher=J. Murray |pages=233–276 |language=en |chapter=V11: Touch, Hands, Gestures}}
5. ^{{cite web |last1=Bulwer |first1=John |title=[TCP] Chirologia, or, The naturall language of the hand composed of the speaking motions, and discoursing gestures thereof : whereunto is added Chironomia, or, The art of manuall rhetoricke, consisting of the naturall expressions, digested by art in the hand, as the chiefest instrument of eloquence, by historicall manifesto's exemplified out of the authentique registers of common life and civill conversation : with types, or chyrograms, a long-wish'd for illustration of this argument |url=http://tei.it.ox.ac.uk/tcp/Texts-HTML/free/A30/A30105.html |website=Oxford University Text Archive |publisher=University of Oxford |accessdate=10 January 2019 |location=Oxford}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Merz |first1=Andreas |title=Embleme im interkulturellen Vergleich: Eine Untersuchung zur Bedeutung von 16 Emblemen in Kolumbien und Deutschland |date=14 October 2010 |page=73 |url=http://www.qucosa.de/fileadmin/data/qucosa/documents/12638/Diplomarbeit.pdf |trans-title=Emblems in intercultural comparison: An investigation of meaning of 16 emblems in Colombia and Germany |publisher=Institut für Angewandte Linguistik |location=Leipzig |language=de}}
7. ^{{cite book |last1=Chetwynd |first1=Josh |title=The Book of Nice: A Nice Book about Nice Things for Nice People |date=2013 |publisher=Workman Publishing |isbn=9780761172949 |pages=36–40 |chapter=Okay Sign}}
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9. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Klein |first1=Christopher |title=The Birth of OK, 175 Years Ago |url=https://www.history.com/news/the-birth-of-ok-175-years-ago |accessdate=20 November 2018 |work=History |date=23 March 2014 |language=en}}
10. ^{{cite news |last1=Ciardi |first1=John |title=Martin Van Buren Was OK |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5170008 |work=NPR.org |date=9 March 2006 |language=en |format=Radio}}
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13. ^{{cite news |last1=Llewellyn |first1=Stevan |title=Scuba Diving Hand Signals Every Diver Should Know |url=https://www.sportdiver.com/scuba-diving-hand-signals-every-diver-should-know |accessdate=19 September 2018 |work=Sport Diver |date=7 April 2017 |language=en}}
14. ^{{cite news |last1=Mezcua |first1=Jorge |title=Diving signs you need to know |url=https://www.fordivers.com/en/blog/2013/09/12/senales-de-buceo-que-tienes-que-conocer/ |accessdate=4 January 2019 |work=ForDivers.com |date=12 September 2013}}
15. ^{{cite web |title=Minimum Course Content for Common Hand Signals for Scuba Diving |url=http://wrstc.com/downloads/12%20-%20Common%20Hand%20Signals.pdf |publisher=Recreational Scuba Training Council, Inc. (RSTC) (Jacksonville, FL., USA) |date=1 December 2005 |accessdate=18 September 2018}}
16. ^{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Philip |title=6 Emojis That You've Been Using Wrong, And What They Actually Mean |url=https://mic.com/articles/134126/6-emojis-that-you-ve-been-using-wrong-and-their-actual-meanings#.AvDKCNkgE |accessdate=19 November 2018 |date=2 February 2016 |language=en |quote=This emoji, which some assumed to be a ballerina performing a dance move, was intended to be used to signify an 'OK' gesture. 'It's supposed to be an OK symbol...The girl's arms are above her head because she's making an OK sign with her whole body (i.e. a circle, or large 'O'), which is a Japanese gesture.' Unicode lists the emoji as face with OK gesture.}}
17. ^{{cite web |title=Face With OK Gesture Emoji |url=https://emojipedia.org/face-with-ok-gesture/ |publisher=Emojipedia |accessdate=19 November 2018 |language=en}}
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21. ^{{cite web |title=Cuidado com os gestos, eles podem representar outra coisa {{!}} DW {{!}} 5 September 2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-br/cuidado-com-os-gestos-eles-podem-representar-outra-coisa/g-36147323 |website=DW.COM |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=pt |quote=O que em lugares da Europa significa 'muito bem!', na América Latina, Grécia, Rússia ou Espanha é um gesto obsceno. Na Tunísia, é xingar alguém de "nulidade". Já para executivos no Japão, significa 'vamos falar de negócios.'}}
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24. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Carroll|first1=Cain|last2=Carroll|first2=Revital|title=Mudras of India : a Comprehensive Guide to the Hand Gestures of Yoga and Indian Dance.|date=2013|publisher=Singing Dragon|isbn=184819109X|edition=Expanded edition.}}
25. ^[https://www.aol.com/2010/07/26/dangerous-body-language-abroad/ Dangerous Body Language Abroad], by Matthew Link. Posted 26 July, 2010 01:00 PM. Retrieved on 26 July 2017
26. ^1 2 {{cite news |title=What's A-O.K. in the U.S.A. Is Lewd and Worthless Beyond |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/08/18/weekinreview/what-s-a-ok-in-the-usa-is-lewd-and-worthless-beyond.html |accessdate=15 November 2018 |work=New York Times |date=18 August 1996 |language=en}}
27. ^{{cite web |last1=Merritt |first1=Anne |title=10 common gestures easily misunderstood abroad |url=https://matadornetwork.com/abroad/10-common-gestures-easily-misunderstood-abroad/ |website=Matador Network |accessdate=17 September 2018 |date=22 September 2010}}
28. ^{{cite news |last1=Cameron |first1=Tim |title=7 Innocent Gestures That Can Get You Killed Overseas |url=http://www.cracked.com/article_16335_7-innocent-gestures-that-can-get-you-killed-overseas.html |accessdate=15 November 2018 |work=Cracked.com |date=4 June 2008 |language=en}}
29. ^{{cite news |last1=Freny |title=4 weird unspoken laws in foreign lands! {{!}} Chill Feel |url=http://chillfeel.com/travel-hacks/4-weird-unspoken-laws-in-foreign-lands/ |accessdate=15 November 2018 |work=ChillFeel |date=5 July 2016}}
30. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1997/arab_culture/f9gestur.pdf |title=Gestures, Arab Culture }}. GlobalSecurity.org
31. ^{{cite news |last1=Medhat |first1=Noha |title=8 normal signs and gestures that can be offensive in the Middle East |url=https://stepfeed.com/8-normal-signs-and-gestures-that-can-be-offensive-in-the-middle-east-0691 |accessdate=25 February 2019 |work=StepFeed |date=22 November 2015 |language=en |quote=The 'OK': The sign is considered very insulting in Turkey and in some other Middle Eastern countries – such as Kuwait – where it denotes the evil eye.}}
32. ^{{cite book |last1=Ramankutty |first1=P. V. |title=Curse as a Motif in the Mahābhārata |date=1999 |publisher=Nag Publishers |isbn=9788170814320 |language=en |quote=The Western 'A-Ok' sign is, to the Arab, a sign of the evil-eye and used only in conjunction with curses.}}
33. ^{{cite news |title=The That means of the OK Hand Gesture Across the World – Study the That means of Hand Gestures {{!}} Turkey To Travel Tour |url=https://www.turkeytotravel.com/the-meaning-of-the-ok-hand-gesture-around-the-world-learn-the-meaning-of-hand-gestures/ |accessdate=17 November 2018 |work=Turkey To Travel |date=27 September 2016}}
34. ^{{cite book |last1=Axtell |first1=Roger E. |title=Do's and Taboos of Humor Around the World: Stories and Tips from Business and Life |date=1999 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9780471254034 |page=92 |language=en}}
35. ^{{cite news |last1=Bish |first1=Joe |title=Searching for the Man Behind 'The Circle Game' |url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wj8e74/searching-for-the-man-behind-the-circle-game |accessdate=18 January 2018 |work=Vice |date=29 June 2017 |language=en-uk}}
36. ^{{cite news |last1=Smithers |first1=Dominic |title='Malcolm In The Middle' Circle Game Episode Aired 18 Years Ago Today |url=http://www.ladbible.com/more/film-and-tv-ewfev-20181114 |accessdate=25 February 2019 |work=www.ladbible.com |date=14 November 2018 |language=en}}
37. ^{{cite news |last1=McDermot |first1=John |title=The Creative Ways Guys Have Moved the Circle Game Online |url=https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/the-creative-ways-guys-have-moved-the-circle-game-online |accessdate=25 February 2019 |work=MEL Magazine |date=11 December 2017}}
38. ^{{cite news |last1=Simkins |first1=J.D. |title=Coastie allegedly flashes white power gesture on live TV, gets kicked off hurricane response team |url=https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2018/09/15/coastie-flashes-ok-white-power-gesture-gets-kicked-off-hurricane-response-team/ |accessdate=30 September 2018 |work=Navy Times |date=16 September 2018 |quote=The origins of using the “OK” hand gesture as a symbol of white supremacy can be traced back to a 2017 troll campaign on the popular 4chan board “/pol/ — Politically Incorrect,” an effort aimed at inciting outrage on the part of liberals and media.}}
39. ^1 2 {{cite news |last1=Brodeur |first1=Michael Andor |title=That hand symbol you’re seeing everywhere? Not OK – The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2018/09/20/that-hand-symbol-you-seeing-everywhere-not/6NXpp9PHsEKiunjypIFjDJ/story.html |accessdate=30 September 2018 |work=BostonGlobe.com |date=20 September 2018}}
40. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.weeklystandard.com/holmes-lybrand/fact-check-were-four-police-officers-suspended-for-alleged-white-power-gesture |title=Fact Check: Were Four Police Officers Suspended for Alleged White-Power Gesture? |last=Lybrand |first=Holmes |date=17 July 2018 |work=The Weekly Standard}}
41. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/how-the-ok-symbol-became-a-popular-trolling-gesture |title=How the "OK" Symbol Became a Popular Trolling Gesture |date=1 May 2017 |website=Anti-Defamation League}}
42. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/white-power-hand-symbol-cassandra-fairbanks-mike-cernovich-alt-right-white-house-a7709446.html |title=Two members of alt-right accused of making white supremacist hand signs in White House after receiving press passes |last=Shugerman |first=Emily |date=29 April 2017 |work=The Independent}}
43. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/apparent-nazi-salute-in-wisconsin-prom-photo-prompts-outrage/ |title=Apparent Nazi salute in Wisconsin prom photo prompts outrage |last=Meckler |first=Laura |date=12 November 2018 |work=The Seattle Times}}
44. ^{{cite news |last1=Hilliard |first1=John |title=Did the wife of a US Attorney flash a ‘white power’ sign? No, says the ADL - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2018/09/05/did-wife-attorney-flash-white-power-sign-says-adl/lKcI7vCSd270OrLNyqvwMO/story.html |accessdate=23 November 2018 |work=BostonGlobe.com |date=5 September 2018}}
45. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/09/15/coast-guard-officer-ousted-florence-duty-after-viewers-claim-he-made-white-power-sign-tv/ |last1=Telford |first1=Taylor |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Eli |title=A Coast Guard officer on Florence duty made a hand gesture on TV. Some saw a white-power sign. |accessdate=25 November 2018 |work=Washington Post | date=14 September 2018}}
46. ^{{cite news |last1=Shannon |first1=Joe |title=Coast Guard member reassigned after he flashed 'offensive' hand gesture on TV |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/09/15/controversial-ok-sign-gets-cost-guard-member-reassigned/1316780002/ |accessdate=23 November 2018 |work=USA TODAY |date=15 September 2018 |language=en}}
47. ^{{cite news |last1=Sewell |first1=Cynthia |title=Lt. Gov. Janice McGeachin facing public condemnation over photo with 3 Percenters |url=https://www.idahostatesman.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article226966309.html |accessdate=March 1, 2019 |publisher=Idaho Statesman |date=March 1, 2019}}
48. ^{{cite news |last1=Dawson |first1=Dawson |last2=Druzin |first2=Heath |title=Idaho Lieutenant Governor Faces Backlash For Photo Supporting Jailed Militiaman |url=https://www.boisestatepublicradio.org/post/idaho-lieutenant-governor-faces-backlash-photo-supporting-jailed-militiaman#stream/0 |accessdate=March 1, 2019 |publisher=Boise State Public Radio |date=March 1, 2019}}
49. ^{{cite news |last1=Lowe |first1=Emily |last2=Simmons |first2=Tommy |title=Idaho Lt. Gov. poses with protesters in support of standoff prisoner |url=https://www.idahostatejournal.com/news/local/idaho-lt-gov-poses-with-protesters-in-support-of-standoff/article_fbbc6128-025d-58c5-aab9-19792a91803a.html |accessdate=March 1, 2019 |publisher=Idaho State Journal |date=March 1, 2019}}
50. ^{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2019/03/15/suspected-new-zealand-shooter-appears-in-court/ |last=Feuerherd |first=Ben |title=New Zealand ‘shooter’ flashes ‘white power’ symbol in court |accessdate=16 March 2019 |work=New York Post | date=15 March 2019}}
51. ^{{cite journal |last1=Sherlock |first1=David |last2=Zajac |first2=William |title=A Fourteenth-Century Monastic Sign List From Bury St Edmunds Abbey |journal=Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History |volume=36 |issue=4 |publisher=Alan Sutton Publishing |location=Gloucester |issn=0262-6004}}
52. ^{{cite web |last1=Heikkinen |first1=Megan |title=Hand Talk: American Indian Sign Language – Illustrations Index |url=http://www.pislresearch.com/illustindex.html#sun |website=www.pislresearch.com |publisher=University of Tennessee |accessdate=17 September 2018 |date=2008}}
53. ^{{cite journal |editor1-last=Wilson |editor1-first=Rev. E.F. |title=Indian Sign Language |journal=Our Forest Children |date=Christmas 1888 |volume=II |issue=10 |pages=17–18 |url=http://archives.algomau.ca/main/sites/default/files/2009-081_001_001_002.pdf |accessdate=13 February 2019 |location=Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario}}
54. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Mallery |first1=Garrick |title=Introduction to the Study of Sign Language Among the North American Indians: As Illustrating the Gesture Speech of Mankind |date=1880 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |location=Washington |pages=20–47 |language=en}}
55. ^{{cite book |last1=Briant |first1=Monta Z. |title=Baby Sign Language Basics: Early Communication for Hearing Babies and Toddlers, 3rd Edition |date=2018 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=9781401955632 |language=en |chapter=Fly (insect)}}
56. ^{{cite journal |last1=Fay |first1=Edward Allen |title=American Annals of the Deaf |date=1908 |volume=53 |page=148 |publisher=Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf and Dumb. |location=Washington, DC |language=en}}
57. ^{{cite book |last1=Stokoe |first1=William C. |title=Semiotics and Human Sign Languages |date=1972 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9789027920966 |page=31 |language=en}}
58. ^{{cite book |last1=Кульбіда |first1=C.B. |title=Ukrainian Dactylology: Scientific and Methodical Manual |publisher=Pedagogical Thought |location=Kiev |page=2007 |language=uk}}
59. ^{{cite journal |last1=Oh Youung-Joon |last2=Jung Kee-Chul |title=A Study on the Development of a Korean Manual Alphabet Learning Game with Avatar |journal=Journal of Korea Game Society |date=9 August 2009 |pages=67–80}}
60. ^{{cite web |last1=Stainbrook |first1=Kaitlin |title=Japanese Sign Language and Being Deaf in Japan |url=https://www.tofugu.com/japan/japanese-sign-language/ |website=Tofugu |accessdate=20 November 2018 |date=2 March 2016}}
61. ^{{cite book |title=Shin shuwa kyōshitsu : kōsei rōdōshō shuwa hōshiin yōsei kōza nyūmon katei taiō Niyūmo. |date=2004 |publisher=Zenkokushuwakenshūsentā |isbn=978-4-902158-11-3}}
62. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Penilla |first1=Adan R. Penilla |last2=Taylor |first2=Angela Lee |title=American Sign Language For Dummies |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781119286097 |language=en |chapter=4. Getting Your Numbers and Times Straight}}
63. ^{{cite news |last1=Xinyu |first1=Weng |title=#5: 数字手势 {{!}} 慢速中文 Slow Chinese |url=https://www.slow-chinese.com/podcast/5-shu-zi-shou-shi/ |accessdate=17 November 2018 |work=慢速中文 Slow Chinese |date=27 June 2009 |language=zh}}
64. ^{{cite news |title=漫画《名侦探柯南》引发中国人数字手势大讨论-北京时间 |url=https://item.btime.com/337uc2judej820bfoogdr7kuh5v |accessdate=17 November 2018 |work=Beijine Time |publisher=Beijing New Media Group |date=4 September 2016 |language=zh}}
65. ^{{cite news |last1=Willett |first1=Megan |title=How To Order A Beer Like A True German |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/order-a-beer-like-a-german-2014-3 |accessdate=17 November 2018 |work=Business Insider |date=31 March 2014}}
66. ^{{cite news |title=Chinese Number Gestures {{!}} Counting in Chinese and Learning Numbers with Hands |url=https://www.tutormandarin.net/en/chinese-hand-counting/ |accessdate=17 November 2018 |work=Learn Chinese Online {{!}} TutorMandarin: Online Mandarin Tutor |date=12 December 2016}}
67. ^{{cite book |last1=Gregory |first1=Chris |title=Be Seeing You: Decoding The Prisoner |date=1997 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=9781860205217 |page=43 |language=en}}
68. ^{{cite book |last1=Cornell |first1=Paul |last2=Day |first2=Martin |last3=Topping |first3=Keith |title=The Classic British Telefantasy Guide |date=2015 |publisher=Orion Publishing Group |isbn=9780575133525 |page=17 |language=en}}
69. ^{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Matthew |last2=Ali |first2=Jaffer |title=Official Prisoner Companion |date=2009 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=9780446569262 |language=en}}
70. ^{{cite book |title=The Prisoner Video Companion |date=1990 |publisher=Maljack Productions |language=en}}
71. ^{{cite news |last1=Lalithram |title=Upendra Birthday Special: 7 Films That Changed The Face of Kannada Film Industry! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2017/real-star-upendra-s-7-best-directorial-films/articlecontent-pf221286-268061.html |accessdate=23 February 2019 |work=Filmi Beat |date=18 September 2017 |language=en |quote=Super, is only a name that is given to it by the fans. But, Upendra had other thoughts in mind while naming the film. The actual title of the film is a depiction of a hand symbol (Vitarka Mudra).
72. ^{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=Kiran |title=Real star wants to be an ideal politician, the kind found only in movies |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2017/aug/21/real-star-wants-to-be-an-ideal-politician-the-kind-found-only-in-movies-1645952.html |accessdate=23 February 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=August 21, 2017}}
73. ^{{cite news |title=Did You Know About The Nameless South Indian Movie Released In 2010? We Didn't Either. |url=https://www.storypick.com/and-the-movies-name-is/ |accessdate=23 February 2019 |work=Storypick |date=9 May 2016}}
74. ^{{cite news |last1=Karthik |first1=Wordsmith |title=SUPER is SUPERb, SUPERlative, SUPEReminent |url=https://wordsmithkarthik.wordpress.com/2010/12/06/super-is-superb-superlative-supereminent/ |accessdate=23 February 2019 |work=Wordsmith Karthik's Weblog |date=6 December 2010 |language=en}}
75. ^{{cite web |title=Gallery |url=http://www.macedonianleague.org/gallery.html |website=Macedonian League |accessdate=3 January 2019 |language=en |date=20 May 2015 |quote=VMRO-DPMNE political rally held by Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski in front of the Parliament in Skopje where many in the crowd raised a “three-finger” irredentist hand sign, meaning the unity of the lands of the fantasy country they call 'United Macedonia.'}}
76. ^{{cite news |title=Latest Skopje provocations in ruling party rally |url=http://en.protothema.gr/skopje-provocations-in-ruling-party-rally/ |accessdate=4 January 2019 |agency=Thema News |date=20 May 2015 |quote=Many in the crowd raised a 'three-finger' irredentist hand sign, meaning Vardar Macedonia, the 'Aegean part', and Pirin, and the 'O' from the word 'Obedineta' which means 'United' in the Slavic language that is spoken by the country’s majority ethnos.}}
77. ^{{cite book |last1=Coconas |first1=Evangelos |editor1-last=Hendrickx |editor1-first=Prof. B. |editor2-last=Sansaridou-Hendrickx |editor2-first=Prof. T. |title=The Macedonian Question: A Historical Overview and Evaluation with Special Attention to the Traditional Greek Ideology |date=2016 |publisher=University of Johannesburg |location=Johannesburg |pages=68–71 |url=https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/vital/access/services/Download/uj:13799/CONTENT1 |accessdate=4 January 2019 |format=Dissertation}}
78. ^{{cite book |author1=Robert Campbell |url=https://archive.org/details/Ok666HandSign |title=Phallic Worship |chapter=24 – Ok 666 Hand Sign explained |year=1887 |website=archive.org}}
79. ^{{cite web |author1=T. Mars |url=https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/codex_magica/codex_magica24.htm |title=Chapter 24: OK—Sign of the Divine King |work=Codex Magica |language=en |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703052812/https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/codex_magica/codex_magica24.htm |archive-date=3 July 2007 |deadurl=no}}
80. ^{{cite book |last1=Richmond |first1=Michael |title=The Spirit Behind the Music: Exposing the Hidden Agenda to Distort the Minds of Today's Generation |date=2013 |publisher=BookBaby |isbn=9780985081324 |language=en |chapter=6. Illuminati Symbolism: "The OK Sign"}}
81. ^{{cite web |title=Median Nerve |url=https://jcphysiotherapy.com/neurology/upper-quarter-screen/median-nerve/ |website=JC Physiotherapy |accessdate=23 November 2018 |date=23 April 2015}}
82. ^{{cite book |last1=Plancher |first1=Kevin D. |last2=Bothwell |first2=Michael F. |title=MasterCases Hand and wrist surgery |date=2004 |publisher=Thieme |isbn=9780865779815 |page=75 |chapter=Section III: Compression Neuropathy; Chapter 14: Anterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome}}
83. ^Jeff G. Konin et al. Special Tests for Orthopedic Examination: Third Edition. Thorofare, NJ. SLACK Incorporated, 2006.
84. ^Richardson, Craig and Fabre, Gerd. '"Froment's Sign." Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine. Vol. 26, No. 1 (2003):34.
85. ^{{cite news |title=Piramal |url=http://www.kikkidu.com/piramalindia/ |accessdate=23 February 2019 |work=Stories on Logo Designs |date=April 13, 2011}}
86. ^{{cite news |title=Piramal Group launches new corporate identity-Gyan Mudra |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/03/11/piramal-group-launches-new-corporate-identity-gyan-mudra-1205226534.html |accessdate=23 February 2019 |work=One India |date=11 March 2008 |language=en}}
87. ^{{cite news |title=Fuel which is Pure for Sure Petro Online |url=https://www.petro-online.com/news/measurement-and-testing/14/anton_paar/fuel_which_is_pure_for_sure/16154 |accessdate=23 February 2019 |work=Petro Industry News |date=July 26, 2011}}
}}

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  • {{Commons category-inline|OK (gesture)}}
{{Gestures}}{{DEFAULTSORT:OK (gesture)}}

3 : Hand gestures|Mudras|Sign language
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