| 词条 | Abu Madi |
| 释义 |
|name = Abu Madi |native_name = |alternate_name = |image = |alt = |caption = |map_type = Egypt |map_alt = {{convert|1600|m|ft}} |map_size = 200 |location = near Saint Catherine's Monastery, Egypt |region = Sinai |coordinates = {{coord|28.5555|33.9762|display=inline}} |type = Cluster of Tells |part_of = Settlements |length ={{convert|20|m|ft}} (Abu Madi III) |width ={{convert|20|m|ft}} (Abu Madi III) |area ={{convert|0.008|ha|ft2}} (Abu Madi I) |height = |builder = |material = Granite |built = c. 10100 BP |abandoned = c. 9700 BP |epochs = Khiamian, PPNA |cultures = Khiamian, Abu Madi Entity |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = 1980– |archaeologists = Ofer Bar-Yosef |condition = Ruins |ownership = |management = |public_access = Yes |website = |notes = }}Abu Madi is a cluster of prehistoric, Neolithic tell mounds in Southern Sinai, Egypt. It is located east of Saint Catherine's Monastery at the bottom of a granite ridge. It was suggested to have been a seasonal encampment for groups of hunter gatherers and contained the remains of two major settlements; Abu Madi I and Abu Madi III.[1][2] Abi Madi I is a small site with the remains of a partially buried {{convert|4|m|ft}} building containing deposits up to a depth of {{convert|1.3|m|ft}}.[3] Abu Madi III was an area of roughly {{convert|20|m2|ft2}} that was excavated close to a large nearby boulder.[4] Dwellings were found to have stone built silos next to them.[5] It was first excavated in the early 1980s by Ofer Bar-Yosef.[6] CultureThe culture has been referred to as the Abu Madi Entity as it shows evidence of having retained Natufian characteristics of a temporary settlement, while being at least partly contemporary with the PPNA cultures of the Levant further to the North. It has been dated approximately 10100 to 9700 BP[7] or from between 9660 to 9180 BC[8] with calibrated datings ranging between c. 9750 and 7760 BC.[9] Judging by these radiocarbon dates, Abu Madi has been suggested to be a form of late Khiamian culture.[10] It has been suggested that the dwellings found housed small groups of nuclear families continuing in the Natufian style.[11] A large number of chipped flints were recovered including a new type of aerodynamic arrowhead known as the Abu Madi Point characterised by elongated ovals or rhomboid shapes, occasionally with a small tang.[1] El Khiam points were also found with deep concave bases[12] and it has been suggested these arrowheads were used to hunt such animals as gazelles and wild ibexes.[13] Abu Madi has been suggested to be amongst the ten probable centers for the origin of agriculture and used in statistical analysis to determine the rate of spread into Europe.[14] Literature
References1. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Ofer Bar-Yosef|author2=Eitan Tchernov|author3=Avi Gopher|title=An early neolithic village in the Jordan Valley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvPgAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2011|year=1997|publisher=Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University|isbn=978-0-87365-547-7}} {{Portal|Egypt|Archaeology|Ancient Near East}}2. ^{{cite book|author=Fredrik Talmage Hiebert|title=Origins of the Bronze Age oasis civilization in Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkMSAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2011|year=1994|publisher=Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University|isbn=978-0-87365-545-3}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=The Review of archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ly0AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2011|year=1991|publisher=Review of Archaeology}} 4. ^{{cite book|author1=Juliet Clutton-Brock|author2=Caroline Grigson|author3=International Council for Archaeozoology|author4=University of London. Institute of Archaeology|title=Animals and Archaeology: Early herders and their flocks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80s-AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2011|year=1984|publisher=British Archaeological Reports|isbn=978-0-86054-259-9}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Pavel Markovich Dolukhanov|title=Environment and ethnicty [sic] in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P1dtAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2011|year=1994|publisher=Avebury|isbn=978-1-85628-706-7}} 6. ^Bar-Yosef, Ofer., Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites in Southern Sinai. Biblical Archaeologist 45:9–12, 1981. 7. ^{{cite book|author=Ian Kuijt|title=Life in Neolithic farming communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kz79KLC6yLoC&pg=PA33|accessdate=16 March 2011|year=2000|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-46122-4|pages=33–}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.exoriente.org/associated_projects/ppnd_site.php?s=3#FN1|title=exoriente e.V. - PPND (neolithic radiocarbon dates) - Site|last=Forster|first=ex oriente e.V. & Marion Benz & datalino, Christoph|website=www.exoriente.org|access-date=2018-02-26}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/c14.php?vonsite=14|title=radiocarbon CONTEXT database|last=ITmatters.de|first=Steffen Steiner -|website=context-database.uni-koeln.de|language=en|access-date=2018-02-26}} 10. ^{{cite book|author1=Jacques Cauvin|author2=Trevor Watkins|title=The birth of the Gods and the origins of agriculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4epGQpNyucC&pg=PA222|accessdate=16 March 2011|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65135-6|pages=222–}} 11. ^{{cite book|author1=Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel|author2=Ofer Bar-Yosef|title=The Neolithic Demographic Transition and Its Consequences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMUxhfRImBIC&pg=PA274|accessdate=16 March 2011|year=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-8538-3|pages=274–}} 12. ^Gopher Avi. , Bar-Yosef Ofer. , Nadel D., Early Neolithic arrowhead types in the Southern Levant : a typological suggestion, Paléorient, Volume 17, Number 17-1, pp. 109–11, 1991. 13. ^{{cite book|author=British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem|title=Levant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4J8sAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2011|year=2001}} 14. ^Pinhasi R, Fort J, Ammerman AJ., Tracing the Origin and Spread of Agriculture in Europe. PLoS Biol 3(12): e410. (2005) {{doi|10.1371/journal.pbio.0030410}} 3 : Archaeological sites in Egypt|Khiamian sites|Buildings and structures completed in the 10th millennium BC |
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