| 词条 | Acetylfentanyl |
| 释义 |
| IUPAC_name = N-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacetamide | image = Acetylfentanyl.svg | tradename = | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_US = | pregnancy_category = | legal_AU = Illegal | legal_CA = Schedule I | legal_CA_comment = [1] | legal_DE = Anlage II | legal_UK = Class A | legal_US = Schedule I | legal_US_comment = [2] | legal_status = Illegal in China, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland[3] | routes_of_administration = oral, iv, im, insuflation | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = | elimination_half-life = | excretion = | CAS_number = 3258-84-2 | ATC_prefix = none | ATC_suffix = | PubChem = 527015 | ChemSpiderID = 459388 | UNII = 6DZ28538KS | StdInChI = 1S/C21H26N2O/c1-18(24)23(20-10-6-3-7-11-20)21-13-16-22(17-14-21)15-12-19-8-4-2-5-9-19/h2-11,21H,12-17H2,1H3 | StdInChIKey = FYIUUQUPOKIKNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N | C=21 | H=26 | N=2 | O=1 | molecular_weight = 322.44 g/mol | smiles = CC(N(C1=CC=CC=C1)C2CCN(CCC3=CC=CC=C3)CC2)=O | synonyms = Acetyl fentanyl }}Acetylfentanyl (acetyl fentanyl) is an opioid analgesic drug that is an analog of fentanyl.[3] Studies have estimated acetylfentanyl to be fifteen times more potent than morphine.[4][5] It has never been licensed for medical use and instead has only been sold as a designer drug. Acetylfentanyl was discovered at the same time as fentanyl itself and had only rarely been encountered on the illicit market in the late 1980s. However, in 2013, Canadian police seized 3 kilograms of acetylfentanyl.[6] As a μ-opioid receptor agonist, acetylfentanyl may serve as a direct substitute for heroin or other opioids. Common side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening. Fentanyl analogs have killed hundreds of people throughout Europe and the former Soviet republics since the most recent resurgence in use began in Estonia in the early 2000s, and novel derivatives continue to appear.[7][8][9] DeathsEuropeAcetylfentanyl has been analytically confirmed in 32 fatalities in four European member states between 2013 and August 2015, Germany (2), Poland (1), Sweden (27) and the United Kingdom (2).[10] RussiaTwelve deaths have been associated with acetylfentanyl in Russia since 2012.[10][11] USAThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a health alert to report that between March 2013 and May 2013, 14 overdose deaths related to injected acetylfentanyl had occurred among intravenous drug users (ages between 19 and 57 years) in Rhode Island. After confirming five overdoses in one county, including a fatality, Pennsylvania asked coroners and medical examiners across the state to screen for acetylfentanyl. As a result of this investigation, Pennsylvania confirmed at least one acetylfentanyl overdose death and attributed at least 50 fatalities to either fentanyl or acetylfentanyl during the first half of 2013.[12][13] In July 2015, the DEA informed about 52 confirmed fatalities involving acetylfentanyl in the United States between 2013 and 2015.[14] JapanOne fatal poisoning caused by intravenous injection of a "bath salt" product containing acetylfentanyl and 4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinoheptiophenone has been reported in 2016.[15] Legal statusCanadaAs an analog of fentanyl, acetylfentanyl is a Schedule I controlled drug.[1] ChinaAs of October, 2015 acetylfentanyl is a controlled substance in China.[16] United StatesAcetylfentanyl is a Schedule I controlled substance as of May 2015.[17] SwitzerlandAcetylfentanyl is illegal in Switzerland as of December 2015.[18] United KingdomAcetylfentanyl was made a class A drug as an analogue of fentanyl in 1986.[19] OverdoseAcetylfentanyl overdosage has been reported to closely resemble heroin overdosage clinically. Additionally, while naloxone (Narcan) is effective in treating acetylfentanyl overdose, larger than normal doses of the antidote may be required.[4] Detection in body fluidsAcetylfentanyl may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation. Postmortem peripheral blood acetylfentanyl concentrations have been in a range of 89–945 μg/L in victims of acute overdosage.[20][21] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act|url=https://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/schedule.php?schedule=1§ion=16&structure=C|work=IsomerDesign}} 2. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-ri/pr/two-charged-witness-tampering-joint-woonsocket-police-dea-investigation | title=Two Charged With Witness Tampering in Joint Woonsocket Police, DEA Investigation | publisher=US Department of Justice | work=The United States Attorney's Office: District of Rhode Island | date=6 June 2013}} 3. ^{{cite journal|first1=Anders|last1=Helander|first2=Matilda|last2=Bäckberg|first3=Olof|last3=Beck|title=Intoxications involving the fentanyl analogs acetylfentanyl, 4-methoxybutyrfentanyl and furanylfentanyl: results from the Swedish STRIDA project|journal=Clinical Toxicology|date=20 April 2016|issn=1556-3650|pages=324–332|volume=54|issue=4|pmid=26850293|doi=10.3109/15563650.2016.1139715}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal|first1=Yoshiyasu|last1=Higashikawa|first2=Shinichi|last2=Suzuki|title=Studies on 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (fentanyl) and its related compounds. VI. Structure-analgesic activity relationship for fentanyl, methyl-substituted fentanyls and other analogues|journal=Forensic Toxicology|date=June 2008|issn=1860-8965|pages=1–5|volume=26|issue=1|doi=10.1007/s11419-007-0039-1}} 5. ^{{cite journal|first1=M. D.|last1=Aceto|first2=E. R.|last2=Bowman|first3=L. S.|last3=Harris|first4=E. L.|last4=May|title=Dependence studies on new compounds in the rhesus monkey, rat and mouse|url=https://archives.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/81.pdf|journal=NIDA Research Monograph|date=1989|issn=1046-9516|pages=578–631|volume=95|pmid=2641054}} 6. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/extremely-potent-painkiller-hits-montreal-black-market-1.1340808 | title=Extremely potent painkiller hits Montreal black market | publisher=CBS News | date=13 May 2013}} 7. ^{{cite journal|first1=Jane|last1=Mounteney|first2=Isabelle|last2=Giraudon|first3=Gleb|last3=Denissov|first4=Paul|last4=Griffiths|title=Fentanyls: Are we missing the signs? Highly potent and on the rise in Europe|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395915000973|journal=International Journal of Drug Policy|date=July 2015|pages=626–631|volume=26|issue=7|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.04.003|pmid=25976511}} 8. ^{{cite journal|first1=Werawan|last1=Ruangyuttikarn|first2=Michael Y.|last2=Law|first3=Douglas E.|last3=Rollins|first4=David E.|last4=Moody|title=Detection of Fentanyl and its Analogs by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay|url=http://jat.oxfordjournals.org/content/14/3/160|journal=Journal of Analytical Toxicology|date=May–June 1990|issn=0146-4760|pages=160–164|volume=14|issue=3|pmid=2374405|doi=10.1093/jat/14.3.160}} 9. ^{{cite web|first1=David|last1=Kroll|title=CDC Issues Alert On Deadly New Designer Drug, Acetyl Fentanyl|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidkroll/2013/08/29/cdc-issues-alert-on-deadly-new-designer-drug-acetyl-fentanyl/|date=29 August 2013}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite journal | doi=10.2810/890694 | url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/joint-reports/acetylfentanyl | title=EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on acetylfentanyl | publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) | date=June 2016}} 11. ^{{cite journal|first1=A.B.|last1=Melent’ev|first2=S.S.|last2=Kataev|first3=O.N.|last3=Dvorskaya|title=Identification and analytical properties of acetyl fentanyl metabolites|journal=Journal of Analytical Chemistry|date=February 2015|issn=1061-9348|pages=240–248|volume=70|issue=2|doi=10.1134/S1061934815020124}} 12. ^{{cite journal|last1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Acetyl fentanyl overdose fatalities--Rhode Island, March-May 2013|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6234a5.htm|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|date=30 August 2013|issn=1545-861X|pages=703–704|volume=62|issue=34|pmid=23985500|pmc=4604997}} 13. ^{{cite journal|first1=MatthewJ.|last1=Lozier|first2=Molly|last2=Boyd|first3=Christina|last3=Stanley|first4=Laurie|last4=Ogilvie|title=Acetyl Fentanyl, a Novel Fentanyl Analog, Causes 14 Overdose Deaths in Rhode Island, March–May 2013|journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology|date=June 2015|issn=1556-9039|pages=208–217|volume=11|issue=2|pmid=25934111|pmc=4469714|doi=10.1007/s13181-015-0477-9|first5=Ewa|last5=King|first6=Colleen|last6=Martin|first7=Lauren|last7=Lewis}} 14. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/acetylfentanyl.pdf | title=Acetyl fentanyl | publisher=Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Diversion Control | date=July 2015 | author=Drug Enforcement Administration}} 15. ^{{cite journal|first1=Kosei|last1=Yonemitsu|first2=Ako|last2=Sasao|first3=Satoko|last3=Mishima|first4=Yuki|last4=Ohtsu|title=A fatal poisoning case by intravenous injection of "bath salts" containing acetyl fentanyl and 4-methoxy PV8|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073816303553|journal=Forensic Science International|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.08.025|first5=Yoko|last5=Nishitani|date=2016|volume=267|pages=e6–e9|pmid=27591912}} 16. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=zh| accessdate=1 October 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/FR-2015-05-21/2015-12331 | title=80 FR 29227 - Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Acetyl Fentanyl into Schedule I | publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO) | date=21 May 2015 | accessdate=30 June 2015}} 18. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html | title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien | publisher=Der Bundesrat | date=1 December 2015 | language=de}} 19. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1986/2230/introduction/made | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Modification) Order 1986 | publisher=UK Home Office | date=16 December 1986}} 20. ^{{cite journal|first1=Amy L.|last1=Patton|first2=Kathryn A.|last2=Seely|first3=Sharon|last3=Pulla|first4=Nancy J.|last4=Rusch|title=Quantitative Measurement of Acetyl Fentanyl and Acetyl Norfentanyl in Human Urine by LC-MS/MS|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=February 2014|pages=1760–1766|volume=86|issue=3|doi=10.1021/ac4036197|pmid=24354295|first5=Cindy L.|last5=Moran|first6=William E.|last6=Fantegrossi|first7=Laura D.|last7=Knight|first8=Jeanna M.|last8=Marraffa|first9=Paul D.|last9=Kennedy|first10=Laura P.|last10=James|first11=Gregory W.|last11=Endres|first12=Jeffery H.|last12=Moran}} 21. ^{{cite book | chapter-url=http://www.biomedicalpublications.com/acetylfentanyl.pdf | title=Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man | publisher=Biomedical Publications | author=Randall C. Baselt | year=2017 | location=Seal Beach, Ca. | isbn=978-0-692-77499-1 | chapter=Acetylfentanyl}} Further reading
10 : General anesthetics|Synthetic opioids|Piperidines|Anilides|Acetamides|Mu-opioid agonists|Janssen Pharmaceutica|Belgian inventions|Euphoriants|Fentanyl |
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