“Adam Render”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Jan Adam Render (surname often recorded as Renders; 1822–1881) was a German-American hunter, prospector and trader in southern Africa who is generally recorded as the first white man to see the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe, having inadvertently come across the ruins while hunting big game in 1867. He subsequently guided the explorer and geographer Karl Mauch during the first archaeological expedition to the site in 1871, and also discovered prehistoric gold mines in the region.

Biography

Born in Germany in 1822, Render lived in the United States from early childhood until about 1842, when he emigrated to Natal in South Africa. He joined the Boer Voortrekkers and fought with them against the British at the Battle of Boomplaats in 1848. The same year Render settled in Zoutpansberg in the north-east of the Transvaal.^[1] He married Willem Andries Petrus Pretorius's daughter Elsje Magdalina Josina Pretorius, and hunted and traded on both sides of the Limpopo River. During one of his big-game hunting trips north of the river in 1867, he inadvertently came across the ruins of Great Zimbabwe, an ancient walled city that had been abandoned for centuries; scholarly consensus records him as the first white man to see this place.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Render deserted his wife and 4 children( Helena Barendina Norbetta Renders 1863-1889, Jan Adam Renders 1864-?, Willem Andries Petrus Renders 1866-1943 and Hendrik Jacobus Renders 1896-1947) in 1868 following a series of quarrels, relocated north of the Limpopo and "went native", living about {{convert|20|km}} south-east of Great Zimbabwe with the daughter of a local chief for the rest of his life.^[3] He apparently made little effort to report his discovery of Great Zimbabwe to other Westerners.^[4] Continuing to informally explore the region, he found a number of ancient gold mines.^[5]

In 1871, Render hosted the German explorer and geographer Karl Mauch, who had heard of Great Zimbabwe and come to the area hoping to make the first archaeological study. Mauch stayed with Render for nine months, making a number of study excursions to the ruins during that time.^[6] In stark contrast to Render, Mauch sent flamboyant descriptions of the site to the overseas press, claiming that the site was a replica of Solomon's Temple and that he had found the land of Ophir described in the Bible. As the first Westerner to report on Great Zimbabwe, it was Mauch who received most of the credit for finding it.^[4] Render died in obscurity in 1881.^[6]

Great Zimbabwe has been marked by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site since 1986.^[7]

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa. Volume 9|editor-last=Potgieter|editor-first=D J|year=1973|publisher=NASOU|location=Cape Town|oclc=320549661|page=287}}
2. ^{{cite book|title=Southern African Dictionary of National Biography|last=Rosenthal|first=Eric|authorlink=Eric Rosenthal (historian and author)|year=1966|publisher=Frederick Warne|location=London|oclc=390499|page=308}}
3. ^¹{{cite journal|title=European Pre-pioneers, 1500–1890|last=Hepburn|first=E T|journal=Rhodesiana|location=Salisbury|publisher=The Rhodesiana Society|date=December 1973|issue=29|page=38–45}}
4. ^¹²{{cite book|title=The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown|last=Hill|first=Geoff|location=Johannesburg|publisher=Struik Publishers|year=2005|origyear=2003|isbn=978-1868726523|page=31}}
5. ^¹{{cite book|title=The United States and Africa: A History|last1=Duignan|first1=Peter|last2=Gann|first2=L H|date=April 1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521335713|pages=156–157}}
6. ^¹{{cite book|title=The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe: Symbols of a Nation|last=Matenga|first=Edward|date=October 1998|edition=First|location=Harare|publisher=African Publishing Group|isbn=978-1779011350|page=4}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/364 |title=Great Zimbabwe National Monument |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=7 November 2013}}