词条 | Adaptive immunity in jawless fish |
释义 |
}} Jawless vertebrates, which today consist entirely of lamprey
VLRA and VLRB were identified in 2009,[2] while VLRC was discovered in 2013.[3] Instead of immunoglobulins, they use variable lymphocyte receptors. Antigen receptorsJawless vertebrates do not have immunoglobulins (Igs), the key proteins to B-cells and T-cells. However, they do possess a system of leucin-rich repeat (LRR) proteins that make up variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs). This system can produce roughly the same number of potential receptors that the Ig-based system found in jawed vertebrates can.[4] Instead of recombination-activating genes (RAGs), genes coding for VLRs can be altered by a family of cytidine deaminases known as APOBEC, possibly through gene conversion.[5] Cytidine deaminase 1 is associated with the assembly of VLRA and VLRC and cytidine deaminase 2 appears to assemble VLRB.[2][3] EvolutionThe gene expression profiles of lymphocyte-like cells (LLCs) in jawless vertebrates indicate that VLRB+ LLCs and B cells share a common ancestor, and VLRA+ and VLRC+ LLCs and T cells share a common ancestor.[6] Like B cells and T cells, the development of VLRB+ LLCs is spatially separated from the development of VLRA+ and VLRC+ LLCs. VLRB+ LLCs and B cells develop in hematopoietic tissues: VLRB+ LLCs develop in the typhlosole and kidneys and B cells develop in bone marrow. VLRA+ and VLRC+ LLCs develop in a thymus-like organ called the thymoid, similar to T cells developing in the thymus.[7] VLRB molecules and B cells can directly bind to antigens and VLRB-transfected cells secrete VLRB protein products, similar to B cells in jawed vertebrates. VLRA+ LLCs were unable to bind Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, or Streptococcus pneumoniae before or after immunization, suggesting that VLRAs require antigen processing like TCRs.[2] However, MHCs or MHC-like molecules that could present processed antigens have not been found in lampreys,[8] and some VLRAs expressed in yeast were able to directly bind to antigens.[9] The antigen binding of VLRCs has not been studied.[10] However, the VLRC gene is close in proximity and sequence to the VLRA gene and the two are often co-expressed in LLCs, suggesting that both are TCR-like receptors.[3] References1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kishishita|first=Natsuko|last2=Nagawa|first2=Fumikiyo|date=March 2014|title=Evolution of adaptive immunity: implications of a third lymphocyte lineage in lampreys|journal=BioEssays|volume=36|issue=3|pages=244–250|doi=10.1002/bies.201300145|issn=1521-1878|pmid=24853392}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|last=Guo|first=Peng|last2=Hirano|first2=Masayuki|last3=Herrin|first3=Brantley R.|last4=Li|first4=Jianxu|last5=Yu|first5=Cuiling|last6=Sadlonova|first6=Andrea|last7=Cooper|first7=Max D.|date=2009-05-27|title=Dual nature of the adaptive immune system in lampreys|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08068|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=459|issue=7248|pages=796–801|doi=10.1038/nature08068|pmid=19474790|pmc=2714547|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2009Natur.459..796G}} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Hirano|first=Masayuki|last2=Guo|first2=Peng|last3=McCurley|first3=Nathanael|last4=Schorpp|first4=Michael|last5=Das|first5=Sabyasachi|last6=Boehm|first6=Thomas|last7=Cooper|first7=Max D.|date=2013-08-11|title=Evolutionary implications of a third lymphocyte lineage in lampreys|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12467|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=501|issue=7467|pages=435–438|doi=10.1038/nature12467|pmid=23934109|pmc=3901013|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2013Natur.501..435H}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=Max D.|last2=Alder|first2=Matthew N.|date=2006-02-24|title=The evolution of adaptive immune systems|journal=Cell|volume=124|issue=4|pages=815–822|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.001|issn=0092-8674|pmid=16497590}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hirano|first=Masayuki|date=August 2015|title=Evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity: immune cells and tissues, and AID/APOBEC cytidine deaminases|journal=BioEssays|volume=37|issue=8|pages=877–887|doi=10.1002/bies.201400178|issn=1521-1878|pmid=26212221}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kasamatsu|first=Jun|date=January 2013|title=Evolution of innate and adaptive immune systems in jawless vertebrates|journal=Microbiology and Immunology|language=en|volume=57|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00500.x|pmid=22924515|issn=0385-5600}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bajoghli|first=Baubak|last2=Guo|first2=Peng|last3=Aghaallaei|first3=Narges|last4=Hirano|first4=Masayuki|last5=Strohmeier|first5=Christine|last6=McCurley|first6=Nathanael|last7=Bockman|first7=Dale E.|last8=Schorpp|first8=Michael|last9=Cooper|first9=Max D.|date=2011-02-03|title=A thymus candidate in lampreys|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=470|issue=7332|pages=90–94|doi=10.1038/nature09655|pmid=21293377|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2011Natur.470...90B}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Mayer|first=Werner E.|last2=Uinuk-ool|first2=Tatiana|last3=Tichy|first3=Herbert|last4=Gartland|first4=Lanier A.|last5=Klein|first5=Jan|last6=Cooper|first6=Max D.|date=2002-10-29|title=Isolation and characterization of lymphocyte-like cells from a lamprey|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/99/22/14350|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=99|issue=22|pages=14350–14355|doi=10.1073/pnas.212527499|issn=0027-8424|pmc=137887|pmid=12388781|bibcode=2002PNAS...9914350M}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Deng|first=Lu|last2=Velikovsky|first2=C. Alejandro|last3=Xu|first3=Gang|last4=Iyer|first4=Lakshminarayan M.|last5=Tasumi|first5=Satoshi|last6=Kerzic|first6=Melissa C.|last7=Flajnik|first7=Martin F.|last8=Aravind|first8=L.|last9=Pancer|first9=Zeev|date=2010-07-27|title=A structural basis for antigen recognition by the T cell-like lymphocytes of sea lamprey|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/107/30/13408|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=107|issue=30|pages=13408–13413|doi=10.1073/pnas.1005475107|issn=0027-8424|pmc=2922149|pmid=20616002|bibcode=2010PNAS..10713408D}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Boehm|first=Thomas|last2=Hirano|first2=Masayuki|last3=Holland|first3=Stephen J.|last4=Das|first4=Sabyasachi|last5=Schorpp|first5=Michael|last6=Cooper|first6=Max D.|date=2018-04-26|title=Evolution of Alternative Adaptive Immune Systems in Vertebrates|journal=Annual Review of Immunology|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=19–42|doi=10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053028|pmid=29144837|issn=0732-0582}} Further reading
2 : Agnatha|Immune system |
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